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How does Salmonella evade the adaptive immune system? by
... has also been shown to alter chemokine receptor expression on dendritic cells, resulting in alteration of trafficking_74,75 Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells, necessary for activation of na"ive T cells. 76·77 They are considered to be the link between the innate and ada ...
... has also been shown to alter chemokine receptor expression on dendritic cells, resulting in alteration of trafficking_74,75 Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells, necessary for activation of na"ive T cells. 76·77 They are considered to be the link between the innate and ada ...
Innate immune responses of human tracheal epithelium to
... grown as confluent, pseudostratified layers during exposure to inflammatory activators on apical vs. basolateral surfaces. Apical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAK (but not flagellin mutant PAK 䡠 fliC), flagellin, and flagellin ⫹ PAK 䡠 fliC activated NF-B and IL-8 expression and secretion. In contr ...
... grown as confluent, pseudostratified layers during exposure to inflammatory activators on apical vs. basolateral surfaces. Apical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAK (but not flagellin mutant PAK 䡠 fliC), flagellin, and flagellin ⫹ PAK 䡠 fliC activated NF-B and IL-8 expression and secretion. In contr ...
Clinical features and pathobiology of Ebolavirus
... cause of death such as bleeding from various orifices gruesome and frightening. The fact that it leads to infection and death of health care providers (10% during the current epidemic) and the visualization of protective gear worn by these individuals to contain such infection adds to this “fear fact ...
... cause of death such as bleeding from various orifices gruesome and frightening. The fact that it leads to infection and death of health care providers (10% during the current epidemic) and the visualization of protective gear worn by these individuals to contain such infection adds to this “fear fact ...
Identification of novel CTL epitopes of CMV-pp65
... CMV disease, indicating that T-cell immunity plays an important role in controlling CMV infection. Thus, immunologic monitoring of T-cell immunity against CMV is crucial to evaluate the status of immunocompromised patients. Identification of the CTL epitopes derived from CMV is very valuable not onl ...
... CMV disease, indicating that T-cell immunity plays an important role in controlling CMV infection. Thus, immunologic monitoring of T-cell immunity against CMV is crucial to evaluate the status of immunocompromised patients. Identification of the CTL epitopes derived from CMV is very valuable not onl ...
Human Cytomegalovirus Manipulation of Latently Infected Cells
... anti-death signals may not be required by a virus which is truly silenced in latency. However, recent work suggests that long-term anti-death signals may be important during latent infection with HCMV ...
... anti-death signals may not be required by a virus which is truly silenced in latency. However, recent work suggests that long-term anti-death signals may be important during latent infection with HCMV ...
Aging of the hematopoietic system
... aging process [41]. The aging hematopoietic system may itself be a source of inflammatory mediators. Thymic involution leads to a decreased pool of naive T cells. Through peripheral expansion, memory cells fill the void in the T-cell pool in aged individuals [19,42]. This accumulation of senescent m ...
... aging process [41]. The aging hematopoietic system may itself be a source of inflammatory mediators. Thymic involution leads to a decreased pool of naive T cells. Through peripheral expansion, memory cells fill the void in the T-cell pool in aged individuals [19,42]. This accumulation of senescent m ...
Plasma is the main regulator of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms
... incubation with either blood or plasma led, respectively, to an increase of 2-fold (1 Log10 ) and 1.5-fold (0.75 Log10 ) in the proportion of dormant cells. This phenomenon may contribute to the persistence of biofilm cells in the host as it was recently shown that S. epidermidis biofilms with highe ...
... incubation with either blood or plasma led, respectively, to an increase of 2-fold (1 Log10 ) and 1.5-fold (0.75 Log10 ) in the proportion of dormant cells. This phenomenon may contribute to the persistence of biofilm cells in the host as it was recently shown that S. epidermidis biofilms with highe ...
The role of lymph node sinus macrophages in host defense
... bacteria.1–3 Metchnikoff observed phagocytic cells in both primitive and highly organized organisms and suggested that these evolutionary conserved cells function by scavenging dead cells and other debris in order to defend the organism from danger. Research performed in the following century confir ...
... bacteria.1–3 Metchnikoff observed phagocytic cells in both primitive and highly organized organisms and suggested that these evolutionary conserved cells function by scavenging dead cells and other debris in order to defend the organism from danger. Research performed in the following century confir ...
Immunisation with proteins expressed during chronic
... has shown that a vaccine would be a cost-effective intervention in Thailand if used in high-risk populations such as diabetics [10]. However, at present there is no available human vaccine, though a wide range of candidates including live attenuated mutants, killed cells, protein or polysaccharide s ...
... has shown that a vaccine would be a cost-effective intervention in Thailand if used in high-risk populations such as diabetics [10]. However, at present there is no available human vaccine, though a wide range of candidates including live attenuated mutants, killed cells, protein or polysaccharide s ...
Lymphatic System - El Camino College
... ____________ T cells - remain in lymphoid tissues for years and recognize original invading antigens E. Lymphocyte Activation 1. Lymphocytes originate in bone _______ as lymphoid ____ cells a. Some migrate to the ________ to mature as T lymphocytes b. Others remain in the ____ marrow to become B lym ...
... ____________ T cells - remain in lymphoid tissues for years and recognize original invading antigens E. Lymphocyte Activation 1. Lymphocytes originate in bone _______ as lymphoid ____ cells a. Some migrate to the ________ to mature as T lymphocytes b. Others remain in the ____ marrow to become B lym ...
PROBIOTICS: A NOVEL APPROACH IN IMPROVING THE VALUES OF HUMAN... Reveiw Article
... enzymes. Purified bifidobacterial has cell wall antitumour activities and induces activation of phagocytes to destroy growing tumour cells. RAS activation represents one of the earliest and most frequently occurring genetic alterations associated with human cancers, especially carcinoma of colon[12] ...
... enzymes. Purified bifidobacterial has cell wall antitumour activities and induces activation of phagocytes to destroy growing tumour cells. RAS activation represents one of the earliest and most frequently occurring genetic alterations associated with human cancers, especially carcinoma of colon[12] ...
Control of coronavirus infection through
... immune responses.1 Signaling through the type I IFN receptor leads to the activation of a particular set of genes, including protein kinase R, and Mx proteins,2 which exert potent direct antiviral effects. Other type I IFN–stimulated gene products, such as IFN-␥, activate downstream elements of the ...
... immune responses.1 Signaling through the type I IFN receptor leads to the activation of a particular set of genes, including protein kinase R, and Mx proteins,2 which exert potent direct antiviral effects. Other type I IFN–stimulated gene products, such as IFN-␥, activate downstream elements of the ...
Competition Causes Interclonal Salmonella Attenuated Cells during
... cells (11). Indeed, studies using an adoptive transfer model where Listeria-specific TCR-transgenic CD4 and CD8 cells could be directly visualized in vivo noted a clear difference in the proliferative capacity of these two populations (21). However, it is not clear whether this represents a general ...
... cells (11). Indeed, studies using an adoptive transfer model where Listeria-specific TCR-transgenic CD4 and CD8 cells could be directly visualized in vivo noted a clear difference in the proliferative capacity of these two populations (21). However, it is not clear whether this represents a general ...
Reactive And Enteropathic Arthritis
... Using synoviocytes harvested from HLA-B27-positive patients, it was observed that HLAB27 had no direct role in either the internalization of S. typhimurium or in the kinetics of intracellular killing. A biochemical approach has been used to examine endogenously labeled HLA-B27-bound peptides by mass ...
... Using synoviocytes harvested from HLA-B27-positive patients, it was observed that HLAB27 had no direct role in either the internalization of S. typhimurium or in the kinetics of intracellular killing. A biochemical approach has been used to examine endogenously labeled HLA-B27-bound peptides by mass ...
Drosophila as a model for the two myeloid blood cell systems in
... Macrophages colonize local microenvironments, in particular the segmentally repeated hematopoietic pockets (HPs), which also contain sensory neuron clusters (green). Localization to the HPs re-initiates macrophage proliferation, or ‘‘self-renewal,’’ which continues throughout larval life. Sensory ne ...
... Macrophages colonize local microenvironments, in particular the segmentally repeated hematopoietic pockets (HPs), which also contain sensory neuron clusters (green). Localization to the HPs re-initiates macrophage proliferation, or ‘‘self-renewal,’’ which continues throughout larval life. Sensory ne ...
Beyond Hemostasis: The Role of Platelets in Inflammation and Infection Archibald McNicol
... thromboxane synthetase for the final synthesis of TxA2. Attenuation of either of these amplification pathways inhibits platelet function and significantly prolongs bleeding in vivo. Therapeutic ADP receptor antagonists, such as clopidogrel, and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor aspirin are effective anti ...
... thromboxane synthetase for the final synthesis of TxA2. Attenuation of either of these amplification pathways inhibits platelet function and significantly prolongs bleeding in vivo. Therapeutic ADP receptor antagonists, such as clopidogrel, and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor aspirin are effective anti ...
Matching Questions - Sinoe Medical Association
... 18) Perforins are cytolytic chemicals used by NK cells. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 ...
... 18) Perforins are cytolytic chemicals used by NK cells. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 ...
Strategies and Implications for Prime
... prime-boost vaccinations. This leads to not only a dramatic increase in the total number of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, but an enrichment of those T cells that have high affinity for antigen [18, 41]. Indeed, this strategy has been successful in generating protective immunity against a variety of ...
... prime-boost vaccinations. This leads to not only a dramatic increase in the total number of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, but an enrichment of those T cells that have high affinity for antigen [18, 41]. Indeed, this strategy has been successful in generating protective immunity against a variety of ...
Mucosal inflammation in idiopathic bronchiectasis: cellular and molecular mechanisms REVIEW
... infection, through a cell-mediated immune reaction, has an important role in the pathogenetic mechanism of bronchiectasis. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) and epithelial cells are a major first line of defence following P. aeruginosa lung infection [32, 33]. Stimulated AMs, secreting a number of pro-infl ...
... infection, through a cell-mediated immune reaction, has an important role in the pathogenetic mechanism of bronchiectasis. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) and epithelial cells are a major first line of defence following P. aeruginosa lung infection [32, 33]. Stimulated AMs, secreting a number of pro-infl ...
Bacterial short chain fatty acid metabolites modulate the
... were counted, and the number of colony‐forming units obtained for each abscess was normalized by the values obtained in the control condition (inoculation of A. actinomycetemcomitans alone). In the graphs, each symbol represents an animal. The horizontal bars represent the average of each group (N = ...
... were counted, and the number of colony‐forming units obtained for each abscess was normalized by the values obtained in the control condition (inoculation of A. actinomycetemcomitans alone). In the graphs, each symbol represents an animal. The horizontal bars represent the average of each group (N = ...
Cancer immunotherapy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peptide_bound_to_Rituximab_FAB.png?width=300)
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.