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Cell death pathways and autophagy in the central nervous system
Cell death pathways and autophagy in the central nervous system

the avian thrombocyte is a specialized immune cell
the avian thrombocyte is a specialized immune cell

Capra Colostrum
Capra Colostrum

... milk, its composition is much different and tolerated by the most sensitive individuals…after all, it’s nature’s first food. ...
Chapter 28. Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, Mechanism of
Chapter 28. Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, Mechanism of

Biosketch - University of Florida
Biosketch - University of Florida

... described above, I have also led several studies of human neonates that have significantly improved our understanding neonatal-specific sepsis pathophysiology. Using genome-wide expression profiling on peripheral blood, we showed that human neonates manifest a unique host immune response among ...
Interindividual variations in the efficacy and toxicity of vaccines
Interindividual variations in the efficacy and toxicity of vaccines

... reported to be greatly influenced by genetic variability. Among the various factors, presence of specific carriers of HLA class I and II genotypes greatly influences the differences reported in responders and non-responders. For example, the presence of HLA-B46 and HLA-B15 alleles was found to be highe ...
The Immunological Effects of Thought Suppression
The Immunological Effects of Thought Suppression

The ST2/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases
The ST2/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases

INFECTIOUS DISEASES PART II
INFECTIOUS DISEASES PART II

... MECHANISM OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE Direct viral cytotoxicity The specific agent may evoke a cell-mediated immune reaction  damages the cardiac myofibers harboring virus or virus dictated antigens ...
THE FORGOTTEN THYMUS
THE FORGOTTEN THYMUS

... are referred to as immunoglobulins (Ig)....The presence of five classes of immunoglobulins...IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE...as well as many subclasses indicates that the different immunoglobulins probably react with different types of antigens...IgG is the smallest molecule and constitutes about 85 p ...
Major histocompatability complex (MHC) and T cell receptors
Major histocompatability complex (MHC) and T cell receptors

... • Groove binds peptides 13-25 AA long (some outside groove) ...
the benefits of lactic acid bacteria in yogurt
the benefits of lactic acid bacteria in yogurt

... Abstract: The nutritional value of yogurt and Lactic Acid-producing Bacteria (LAB) on the gastrointestinal health and function, have been investigated in this study. Both Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (LAB) species, contribute to the formation of yogurt as a result of anaer ...
Host-Viral Interactions: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors
Host-Viral Interactions: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors

Sending a message: extracellular vesicles of pathogenic protozoan
Sending a message: extracellular vesicles of pathogenic protozoan

... MVBs and release EVs as a mechanism of membrane maturation and homeostasis26. Light and fluorescence microscopy showed that T. vaginalis produces large MVB-like structures19. In addition, electron microscopy studies have shown that the kinetoplastids T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. produce MVBs to secr ...
Characterization of extracellular and surface bound adherence
Characterization of extracellular and surface bound adherence

... The hypothesis in this thesis is mainly based on two theories: Disturbed adhesion primarily affect the virulence of an invading microorganism. Immunization with recombinantly produced adherence proteins stimulate opsonization and make hidden virulence factors visible to the immune system and thus fa ...
Endogenous MMTV Proviruses Induce Susceptibility to Both Viral
Endogenous MMTV Proviruses Induce Susceptibility to Both Viral

... layer to invade the underlying lymphoid tissue [10]. B lymphocytes and dendritic cells are the initial targets of MMTV infection [11]. These infected antigen-presenting cells (APCs) express virus-encoded superantigen (Sag), a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, at the cell surface in association wit ...
probiotics – identification and ways of action
probiotics – identification and ways of action

... permanently colonize the intestine. There are few studies in this direction that shows that probiotics have the ability to colonize the intestinal mucosa since they could be isolated by biopsy (Alander et al., 1999, Zoetendal et al., 2004). It is also important to assess the activity of probiotics i ...
Basophils, IgE, and Autoantibody-Mediated Kidney
Basophils, IgE, and Autoantibody-Mediated Kidney

... duction (14–16). IL-3 also primes basophils to augment IL-4 production in response to other stimuli (15). Ig receptor (FcR) cross-linking induces both IL-4 and IL-13 production and histamine release in basophils (17); preincubation of basophils with IL-3 or the addition of IL-3 during stimulation si ...
Surgical Neurology International
Surgical Neurology International

... Over the past several decades we have learned a great deal about microglia and innate brain immunity. While microglia are the principle innate immune cells, other cell types also play a role, including invading macrophages, astrocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells. The fastest reacting cell is the ...


... Thus, their physicochemical properties resemble that of hymenoptera venom toxins such as melittin or mastoporan [174, 337, 338], the ninth component of complement [339], and perforin 1 from natural killer and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes [340] as well as bacterial streptolysinO and staphylococcal α-toxin ...
The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future
The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future

Publications_files/Sabiiti et al review 2012
Publications_files/Sabiiti et al review 2012

... generally show similar attenuation in C. elegans [61]. These parallels support the case for C. elegans constituting a sound model for investigating basic mechanisms underlying Cryptococcus infection, disease, and treatment. The molecular basis of infection and disease can be rigorously investigated ...
Memory Cells in Old Age T Cells Are Potent + CD25
Memory Cells in Old Age T Cells Are Potent + CD25

... ␮l of deionized formamide and 1.2 fmol of internal lane standard GeneScan-350 Tamra (PerkinElmer). The samples were denatured at 90°C for 2 min and snap-cooled on ice before loading onto a CE 310 Genetic Analyzer (PerkinElmer). Each sample was injected for 5 s at 15 kV and electrophoresed for 24 min ...
The Origins, Specificity, and Potential Biological
The Origins, Specificity, and Potential Biological

... as rheumatoid factor, or those directed against the variable regions, known as anti-idiotype autoantibodies. Over the years, another class of anti-immunoglobulin autoantibody has been described: those that bind specifically to proteolytically exposed epitopes containing C-terminal amino acid residue ...
Vitiligo, Depigmentation And Monobenzone
Vitiligo, Depigmentation And Monobenzone

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Cancer immunotherapy



Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.
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