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Signalling pathway
... Input: NF-κB can be constitutively activated in myeloid and lymphoid cells in response to growth factors and cytokines or the expression of certain viral oncoproteins. Gene errors: Persistent NF-κB activation can also be brought about by chromosomal rearrangements that affect genes that encode NF-κB ...
... Input: NF-κB can be constitutively activated in myeloid and lymphoid cells in response to growth factors and cytokines or the expression of certain viral oncoproteins. Gene errors: Persistent NF-κB activation can also be brought about by chromosomal rearrangements that affect genes that encode NF-κB ...
Lymphocytic hypophysitis: a rare or underestimated disease?
... cases it can induce acute secondary hyposurrenalism as the first appearance of the disease, with high mortality of affected patients (27, 71). LYH can also cause thyrotropin (TSH) and/or gonadotropin deficiencies (which are usually misdiagnosed when LYH affects women in pregnancy or in the postpartu ...
... cases it can induce acute secondary hyposurrenalism as the first appearance of the disease, with high mortality of affected patients (27, 71). LYH can also cause thyrotropin (TSH) and/or gonadotropin deficiencies (which are usually misdiagnosed when LYH affects women in pregnancy or in the postpartu ...
Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence
... is highly regulated during the yeast-to-hypha transition, and genes encoding hypha-specific proteins such as Hwp1, Hyr1 and Als3 are amongst the most highly upregulated genes during this switch12-1415, 16. Cytoplasmic immunodominant antigens that are not normally associated with the cell wall have a ...
... is highly regulated during the yeast-to-hypha transition, and genes encoding hypha-specific proteins such as Hwp1, Hyr1 and Als3 are amongst the most highly upregulated genes during this switch12-1415, 16. Cytoplasmic immunodominant antigens that are not normally associated with the cell wall have a ...
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from neovascular age
... diet, hypertension, cardiovascular disease) [2, 3] as well as gene polymorphisms (e.g. complement-related genes (CFH, C3), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and chemokine receptors (CX3CR1)) [4–7] increase the risk of AMD. Many of the genes involved in AMD are associated with the immune system, suggesting ...
... diet, hypertension, cardiovascular disease) [2, 3] as well as gene polymorphisms (e.g. complement-related genes (CFH, C3), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and chemokine receptors (CX3CR1)) [4–7] increase the risk of AMD. Many of the genes involved in AMD are associated with the immune system, suggesting ...
Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal
... many microbial pathogens have acquired resistance genes that render antibiotics ineffective. The acquisition of resistance has been partly driven by the overuse of antimicrobials in clinical and agricultural settings1, which results in a paucity of effective preventative or curative treatment option ...
... many microbial pathogens have acquired resistance genes that render antibiotics ineffective. The acquisition of resistance has been partly driven by the overuse of antimicrobials in clinical and agricultural settings1, which results in a paucity of effective preventative or curative treatment option ...
Immunoprecipitation of Triton X-100-solubilized
... The major antigenic component of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides is a galactan (Buttery, 1970) and that of M. mycoides subsp. capri is a glucan (Jones et al., 1965). It is well-established that strains of subsp. mycoides that may be quite distinct in many respects, such as growth rate and colony size on ...
... The major antigenic component of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides is a galactan (Buttery, 1970) and that of M. mycoides subsp. capri is a glucan (Jones et al., 1965). It is well-established that strains of subsp. mycoides that may be quite distinct in many respects, such as growth rate and colony size on ...
Small intestinal eosinophils regulate Th17 cells by producing IL
... (Fig. S1). Along with TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23, which are conventionally used to induce Th17 cell differentiation, we added granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to promote eosinophil survival during the culture. GM-CSF was more effective than IL-5 in maintaining the small i ...
... (Fig. S1). Along with TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23, which are conventionally used to induce Th17 cell differentiation, we added granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to promote eosinophil survival during the culture. GM-CSF was more effective than IL-5 in maintaining the small i ...
Toxocara infection and its Association with Allergic Manifestations
... intestine of these animals. Female worms can produce more than 200,000 eggs per day which are passed together with the faeces of the infected animals into the environment. Playgrounds, backyards and sand-boxes are common places were dogs and cats defecate and where Toxocara eggs are present. The egg ...
... intestine of these animals. Female worms can produce more than 200,000 eggs per day which are passed together with the faeces of the infected animals into the environment. Playgrounds, backyards and sand-boxes are common places were dogs and cats defecate and where Toxocara eggs are present. The egg ...
Tài liệu PDF
... world’s photosynthesis is conducted by protists, particularly dinoflagellates, diatoms, and multicellular algae. Protists do not create food sources only for sea-dwelling organisms. For instance, certain anaerobic species exist in the digestive tracts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches, where t ...
... world’s photosynthesis is conducted by protists, particularly dinoflagellates, diatoms, and multicellular algae. Protists do not create food sources only for sea-dwelling organisms. For instance, certain anaerobic species exist in the digestive tracts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches, where t ...
A Diagnostic Target Against Clostridium bolteae
... List of Figures Figure 1: Fischer projections illustrating ring closing into a Haworth projection of the pyranose. A) α-D-glucose ring closure and B) β-D-glucose ring closure.................. 2 Figure 2: A figure depicting the two chair conformations observed for the pyranose forms of sugars. The ...
... List of Figures Figure 1: Fischer projections illustrating ring closing into a Haworth projection of the pyranose. A) α-D-glucose ring closure and B) β-D-glucose ring closure.................. 2 Figure 2: A figure depicting the two chair conformations observed for the pyranose forms of sugars. The ...
The Development and Survival of Lymphocytes
... become committed first to the lymphoid, as opposed to the myeloid, lineage, and then to either the B-cell or the T-cell lineages (Fig. 7.2). The specialized microenvironment of the bone marrow provides signals both for the development of lymphocyte progenitors from hematopoietic stem cells and for t ...
... become committed first to the lymphoid, as opposed to the myeloid, lineage, and then to either the B-cell or the T-cell lineages (Fig. 7.2). The specialized microenvironment of the bone marrow provides signals both for the development of lymphocyte progenitors from hematopoietic stem cells and for t ...
CD4+ T Cells Targeting Dominant and Cryptic Epitopes from
... importance of PA in developing vaccination strategies against anthrax infection, it has lately become clear that LF may represent a major target not only for antibody responses, but also T cell immunity in naturally exposed individuals. Our previous work has shown that epitopes identified from domain ...
... importance of PA in developing vaccination strategies against anthrax infection, it has lately become clear that LF may represent a major target not only for antibody responses, but also T cell immunity in naturally exposed individuals. Our previous work has shown that epitopes identified from domain ...
Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... blood cells (leukocytes), particularly the phagocytes. Although invertebrates like Drosophila have phagocytic cells and an effective innate immune system, Drosophila lacks the multi-lineage complexity of vertebrate myelopoiesis, and also lacks the context of an adaptive immune system (reviewed in Li ...
... blood cells (leukocytes), particularly the phagocytes. Although invertebrates like Drosophila have phagocytic cells and an effective innate immune system, Drosophila lacks the multi-lineage complexity of vertebrate myelopoiesis, and also lacks the context of an adaptive immune system (reviewed in Li ...
QUESTION
... D-500 • ANSWER: The order of 4 substances in a well in a positive ELISA test for HIV. • QUESTION: What is antigen, human antibody, Secondary antibody or rabbit antibody, and substrate? ...
... D-500 • ANSWER: The order of 4 substances in a well in a positive ELISA test for HIV. • QUESTION: What is antigen, human antibody, Secondary antibody or rabbit antibody, and substrate? ...
Common Genetic Variants Found in HLA and KIR Immune Genes in
... cells that recognize and attack foreign invaders and abnormal cells that endanger the individual. The entire set of immune genes that contribute to immune function is now referred to as the “Immunome” consisting of about 900 genes across various chromosomes that encode a variety of different protein ...
... cells that recognize and attack foreign invaders and abnormal cells that endanger the individual. The entire set of immune genes that contribute to immune function is now referred to as the “Immunome” consisting of about 900 genes across various chromosomes that encode a variety of different protein ...
Tartrate‐Resistant Acid Phosphatase Deficiency in the
... Sanger sequencing. The pcDNA3.2/GW/V5/D-TOPO without any ACP5 cDNA insert (empty vector) was used as a control. HEK 293 cells were transfected overnight with 4 mg of plasmid DNA using 10 ml of Lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In preliminary s ...
... Sanger sequencing. The pcDNA3.2/GW/V5/D-TOPO without any ACP5 cDNA insert (empty vector) was used as a control. HEK 293 cells were transfected overnight with 4 mg of plasmid DNA using 10 ml of Lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In preliminary s ...
References
... Russell, D.G., Mwandumba, H.C., Rhoades, E.E., Mycobacterium and the coat of many lipids. J Cell Biol, 2002. 158: p. 421–426. Ferrari, G., Langen, H., Naito, M., Pieters, J., A coat protein on phagosomes involved in the intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Cell, 1999. 97: p. 435447. Pieters, J., ...
... Russell, D.G., Mwandumba, H.C., Rhoades, E.E., Mycobacterium and the coat of many lipids. J Cell Biol, 2002. 158: p. 421–426. Ferrari, G., Langen, H., Naito, M., Pieters, J., A coat protein on phagosomes involved in the intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Cell, 1999. 97: p. 435447. Pieters, J., ...
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: New
... are more severe than in patients without NAFLD [28]. Excess fatty acids, the production of which is induced by lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis, as well as oxidated fatty acids, circulate in peripheral tissues, including liver and adipose tissue, where they accumulate, resulting in insulin resis ...
... are more severe than in patients without NAFLD [28]. Excess fatty acids, the production of which is induced by lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis, as well as oxidated fatty acids, circulate in peripheral tissues, including liver and adipose tissue, where they accumulate, resulting in insulin resis ...
IL-2 regulates SEB induced toxic shock syndrome in BALB/c mice
... injection each mouse was injected with SEB (20 mg/mouse. Mice were then observed for 72 hrs and death was recorded at different times. We tested Interleukin-12, IFNc, and IL-2 deficient mice (IL-22/2), but only the IL-2 deficient mice were resistant to SEB induced toxic shock syndrome. More importan ...
... injection each mouse was injected with SEB (20 mg/mouse. Mice were then observed for 72 hrs and death was recorded at different times. We tested Interleukin-12, IFNc, and IL-2 deficient mice (IL-22/2), but only the IL-2 deficient mice were resistant to SEB induced toxic shock syndrome. More importan ...
Welcome to the Nature Immunology Immune Evasion Web Focus
... the presence of the plasmodia will not be announced to the immune system in the form of antigenic peptides bound to MHC. Other organisms, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also live within cells and show very low turnover. But how this is achieved is not understood. Genome comparisons between M. t ...
... the presence of the plasmodia will not be announced to the immune system in the form of antigenic peptides bound to MHC. Other organisms, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also live within cells and show very low turnover. But how this is achieved is not understood. Genome comparisons between M. t ...
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE p53 GENE
... A typical tumor mutation, regardless of the cancer type, is a missense mutation in the core region of p53 that disrupts specific DNA binding and transcriptional activation of downstream genes under p53 regulation. Closer scrutiny of the exact types of these DNA base changes, however, reveals major d ...
... A typical tumor mutation, regardless of the cancer type, is a missense mutation in the core region of p53 that disrupts specific DNA binding and transcriptional activation of downstream genes under p53 regulation. Closer scrutiny of the exact types of these DNA base changes, however, reveals major d ...
Allergic disease: the diagnosis of peanut allergy and the role of heat
... two hours after exposure to the allergen. Although some food allergic patients outgrow their allergies (as seen in cow’s milk allergy), food allergy is often persistent, with acute symptoms upon every exposure. Acute allergic responses can result in remodelling of tissue which causes chronic inflamm ...
... two hours after exposure to the allergen. Although some food allergic patients outgrow their allergies (as seen in cow’s milk allergy), food allergy is often persistent, with acute symptoms upon every exposure. Acute allergic responses can result in remodelling of tissue which causes chronic inflamm ...
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Barrier Organ Physiology
... pathogens and toxins. The role of epithelial barrier organs such as skin, gut, lung, and other mucosal tissues that interact with the environment is critical for survival. Furthermore, these barriers are involved in uptake and absorption of nutrients as well as protection of body integrity against c ...
... pathogens and toxins. The role of epithelial barrier organs such as skin, gut, lung, and other mucosal tissues that interact with the environment is critical for survival. Furthermore, these barriers are involved in uptake and absorption of nutrients as well as protection of body integrity against c ...
Structures Common to Different Glycans ...tials of Glycobiology
... determinant, a “self” antigen. Sera taken from blood group A individuals contain antiB but not antiA antibodies. Finally, those individuals with the AB blood group do not make either antiA or antiB IgM isoagglutinins. AntiH antibodies are not made in most people because a substantial fraction o ...
... determinant, a “self” antigen. Sera taken from blood group A individuals contain antiB but not antiA antibodies. Finally, those individuals with the AB blood group do not make either antiA or antiB IgM isoagglutinins. AntiH antibodies are not made in most people because a substantial fraction o ...
Cancer immunotherapy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peptide_bound_to_Rituximab_FAB.png?width=300)
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.