Natural Killer cells in viral infections
... Natural Killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that have the ability to lyse infected or transformed cells without prior activation (Brunetta et al., 2010; Sun and Lanier, 2009). NK cells are present in blood and the spleen, where NK cells comprise 5-15% of all lymphocytes (Brunetta et al., 2 ...
... Natural Killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that have the ability to lyse infected or transformed cells without prior activation (Brunetta et al., 2010; Sun and Lanier, 2009). NK cells are present in blood and the spleen, where NK cells comprise 5-15% of all lymphocytes (Brunetta et al., 2 ...
Third generation dendritic cell vaccines for tumor immunotherapy
... markers of mDCs, such as CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR. A detailed kinetic analysis using real-time PCR to quantify EGFP RNA after transfer into mDCs was performed to assess the stability of the transfected RNA. These quantitative analyses revealed that the amount of ivt-RNA decreased rapidly a ...
... markers of mDCs, such as CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR. A detailed kinetic analysis using real-time PCR to quantify EGFP RNA after transfer into mDCs was performed to assess the stability of the transfected RNA. These quantitative analyses revealed that the amount of ivt-RNA decreased rapidly a ...
HPV Clearance and the Neglected Role of Stochasticity
... by HPV infections, and up to 60% of squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva, vagina, anus and penis are associated with high-risk types of HPV [1]. More recently, it has been shown that infection with HPV also plays a critical role in the genesis of certain head and neck cancers, particularly in cance ...
... by HPV infections, and up to 60% of squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva, vagina, anus and penis are associated with high-risk types of HPV [1]. More recently, it has been shown that infection with HPV also plays a critical role in the genesis of certain head and neck cancers, particularly in cance ...
Cytolytic T lymphocytes from HLA-B8 donors ’s lymphoma frequently recognize the Hodgkin
... peptide pulsed dendritic cells. We demonstrate that LMP2345-352 specific CD8+ T cells secrete IFN-g and kill both peptide pulsed targets as well as HLA-B8 matched LCL and LMP2 expressing Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells. We suggest that cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses against LMP2 coexist with the immunodom ...
... peptide pulsed dendritic cells. We demonstrate that LMP2345-352 specific CD8+ T cells secrete IFN-g and kill both peptide pulsed targets as well as HLA-B8 matched LCL and LMP2 expressing Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells. We suggest that cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses against LMP2 coexist with the immunodom ...
“No donor”? Consider a haploidentical transplant ⁎ Stefan O. Ciurea ,
... stem cell transplant who do not have an HLA-matched donor, because it is cheaper, can be performed faster, and may extend transplantation to virtually all patients in need. Significant advances have been made in the recent decade with dramatic improvement in treatment outcomes. Historically, overcomi ...
... stem cell transplant who do not have an HLA-matched donor, because it is cheaper, can be performed faster, and may extend transplantation to virtually all patients in need. Significant advances have been made in the recent decade with dramatic improvement in treatment outcomes. Historically, overcomi ...
Immune Recovery After Starting ART in HIV-Infected
... limitation was the heterogeneity between the included ART programs.24 To address this, we calculated relative differences adjusted for the most important confounding factors. In summary, we found that HIV-infected patients presenting with TB did not have a worse immune recovery after ART initiation ...
... limitation was the heterogeneity between the included ART programs.24 To address this, we calculated relative differences adjusted for the most important confounding factors. In summary, we found that HIV-infected patients presenting with TB did not have a worse immune recovery after ART initiation ...
chapter 6
... interaction between cancer cells (uninfected cancer cells and infected cancer cells) with ratio dependent functional response between them. We consider a more realistic type of functional response involving measure of immune response to suppress interaction among oncolytic virus and cancer cells. Fu ...
... interaction between cancer cells (uninfected cancer cells and infected cancer cells) with ratio dependent functional response between them. We consider a more realistic type of functional response involving measure of immune response to suppress interaction among oncolytic virus and cancer cells. Fu ...
Trichloroethylene-mediated epigenetic changes in T cell function
... • TCE-induced alteration in the expression of Iap and other genes (e.g. Ifng) is time-dependent • Epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to the long term effects of TCE on CD4+ T cells ...
... • TCE-induced alteration in the expression of Iap and other genes (e.g. Ifng) is time-dependent • Epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to the long term effects of TCE on CD4+ T cells ...
Proc R Soc B template (v. 1.0)
... vaccine demonstrated diminished immunogenicity in Indonesia, Thailand, Peru and Ecuador8. Oral rotavirus (RV) vaccine was found to be 78% effective against severe RV diarrhea in Finland9, but was only 35% effective in Malawi10. Although the reported efficacy of RV in Malawi and other poor settings11 ...
... vaccine demonstrated diminished immunogenicity in Indonesia, Thailand, Peru and Ecuador8. Oral rotavirus (RV) vaccine was found to be 78% effective against severe RV diarrhea in Finland9, but was only 35% effective in Malawi10. Although the reported efficacy of RV in Malawi and other poor settings11 ...
rBCG - stopenterics
... rBCG ΔureC:Hly (developed by Dr. Kaufman's group at the Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany) was constructed to amplify the CD8+ T-cell response induced by BCG. It is a recombinant BCG mutant that expresses a pore-forming protein from Listeria monocytogenes (listeriolysin; Hly), which disrupts the ...
... rBCG ΔureC:Hly (developed by Dr. Kaufman's group at the Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany) was constructed to amplify the CD8+ T-cell response induced by BCG. It is a recombinant BCG mutant that expresses a pore-forming protein from Listeria monocytogenes (listeriolysin; Hly), which disrupts the ...
Immune recognition and rejection of allogeneic skin grafts
... to as minor histocompatibility antigens [46] , can serve as a source of determinants for recognition by allospecific T cells following transplantation [47–49] . It is clear that these proteins may represent a source of antigens for exogenous processing by recipient APCs and subsequent presentation i ...
... to as minor histocompatibility antigens [46] , can serve as a source of determinants for recognition by allospecific T cells following transplantation [47–49] . It is clear that these proteins may represent a source of antigens for exogenous processing by recipient APCs and subsequent presentation i ...
Forcing Tumor Cells to Present Their Own Tumor Antigens to the
... is that it induces endogenous antigen-specific CD4+ T cell activation, while the induction of CD8+ T cells is not interrupted. Endogenous tumor antigens are also released and phagocytosed by DCs or other APCs, processed through the exogenous pathway and expressed on MHC class II molecules for antige ...
... is that it induces endogenous antigen-specific CD4+ T cell activation, while the induction of CD8+ T cells is not interrupted. Endogenous tumor antigens are also released and phagocytosed by DCs or other APCs, processed through the exogenous pathway and expressed on MHC class II molecules for antige ...
Differentiation of M1
... T-75 flask. Seal the tissue culture vessel and incubate cells for 40 min at 2-8°C. If necessary incubate another 20 min at room temperature to enforce cell release from the culture surface. Firmly tap the tissue culture vessel to facilitate cell detachment. Make sure most of the cells have already d ...
... T-75 flask. Seal the tissue culture vessel and incubate cells for 40 min at 2-8°C. If necessary incubate another 20 min at room temperature to enforce cell release from the culture surface. Firmly tap the tissue culture vessel to facilitate cell detachment. Make sure most of the cells have already d ...
2 - JPC
... diffuse, severe, with numerous intrahistiocytic yeasts consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum Contributor’s Comment: Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that exists in a parasitic yeast form called “Histoplasma capsulatum”, and an environmental mycelial form called “Ajellomyc ...
... diffuse, severe, with numerous intrahistiocytic yeasts consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum Contributor’s Comment: Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that exists in a parasitic yeast form called “Histoplasma capsulatum”, and an environmental mycelial form called “Ajellomyc ...
Immunology of Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells
... differentiation and tissue regeneration. During these processes, stem cells are stimulated by numerous factors, such as cytokines, growth factors, differentiation induction, pathological milieu, inflammation, trauma, infection, irradiation and drugs. Under the stimulation, gene expression in stem ce ...
... differentiation and tissue regeneration. During these processes, stem cells are stimulated by numerous factors, such as cytokines, growth factors, differentiation induction, pathological milieu, inflammation, trauma, infection, irradiation and drugs. Under the stimulation, gene expression in stem ce ...
Analysis of a wild mouse promoter variant reveals a novel role
... how the study of such variants using a knockin approach can provide insight into immune mechanisms not possible using conventional genetic manipulation, in this case demonstrating an unexpected critical role for the activation-induced up-regulation of FcRIIb in controlling affinity maturation, auto ...
... how the study of such variants using a knockin approach can provide insight into immune mechanisms not possible using conventional genetic manipulation, in this case demonstrating an unexpected critical role for the activation-induced up-regulation of FcRIIb in controlling affinity maturation, auto ...
LDN and Fibromyalgia - Medical Home Pharmacy
... There are couple of reasons….For one LDN is a ‘feel-good’ drug and some studies suggest ‘feel-good’ agents such as endorphins are low in pain disorders like fibromygalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). By blocking the receptors for endorphins low doses of naltrexone appears to trick the brai ...
... There are couple of reasons….For one LDN is a ‘feel-good’ drug and some studies suggest ‘feel-good’ agents such as endorphins are low in pain disorders like fibromygalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). By blocking the receptors for endorphins low doses of naltrexone appears to trick the brai ...
Chapter 43 Internal Defense
... group of genes that encode MHC proteins • Class I MHC genes –Encode self antigens, glycoproteins expressed on the surface of most nucleated cells Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning ...
... group of genes that encode MHC proteins • Class I MHC genes –Encode self antigens, glycoproteins expressed on the surface of most nucleated cells Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning ...
... phases of this response. In this case, the functions of each phase of this response could be used to propose a functional concept of the nervous, immune and endocrine systems (Lorente, Aller and Arias, in press c) (Figure 2). If the functions which characterize each phase define the corresponding fu ...
Distribution and Phenotype of Epstein-Barr Virus
... Ci/mmol; New England Nuclear, Dreieich, Germany) or, altematively, digoxigenin-ll-uridine-5'-triphosphate(Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany).38A mixture of EBER1- and EBER2specific RNA probes was applied to increase the sensitivity. In situ hybridization. The hybridization procedure with either ...
... Ci/mmol; New England Nuclear, Dreieich, Germany) or, altematively, digoxigenin-ll-uridine-5'-triphosphate(Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany).38A mixture of EBER1- and EBER2specific RNA probes was applied to increase the sensitivity. In situ hybridization. The hybridization procedure with either ...
Fc receptors: Cell activators of antibody functions
... such as complement, get into action. Specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) of the innate immune system, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils also participate as a first line of defense against infections. These early responses are rapid but not very specific and are usually not eno ...
... such as complement, get into action. Specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) of the innate immune system, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils also participate as a first line of defense against infections. These early responses are rapid but not very specific and are usually not eno ...
Molecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1 infection REVI E W Open Access
... effects might arise when interfering with the PD-1 pathway [19,20,26]. Accumulating evidence shows that HIVand SIV-specific CTLs express high levels of PD-1, which contributes to the impaired proliferative T-cell responses [21,27,28]. The control of viral load in HIV and SIV infections correlates wi ...
... effects might arise when interfering with the PD-1 pathway [19,20,26]. Accumulating evidence shows that HIVand SIV-specific CTLs express high levels of PD-1, which contributes to the impaired proliferative T-cell responses [21,27,28]. The control of viral load in HIV and SIV infections correlates wi ...
TUBERCULOSIS AND HIV DOUBLE TROUBLE
... kill the intracellular bacteria through ROS (reactive oxygen species), and by stir up the ...
... kill the intracellular bacteria through ROS (reactive oxygen species), and by stir up the ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.