Ectopic lymphoid follicles - ORCA
... There is increasing evidence that immune cells recruited to inflammatory lesions initiate ELF development (Fig. 1). For example, IL-17-secreting CD4 T helper (Th17) cells have been extensively linked with ELF development in experimental models of chronic inflammation.17 Here, the development of iBAL ...
... There is increasing evidence that immune cells recruited to inflammatory lesions initiate ELF development (Fig. 1). For example, IL-17-secreting CD4 T helper (Th17) cells have been extensively linked with ELF development in experimental models of chronic inflammation.17 Here, the development of iBAL ...
Manipulating the in vivo immune response by targeted gene
... Aptamers are smaller than antibodies (a 40 nt long aptamer is 12 kDa) and are usually below the cutoff for renal filtration. Thus, although chemically modified aptamers and aptamer conjugates are nuclease resistant and often stable in serum and body fluids for days [7], they are rapidly excreted w ...
... Aptamers are smaller than antibodies (a 40 nt long aptamer is 12 kDa) and are usually below the cutoff for renal filtration. Thus, although chemically modified aptamers and aptamer conjugates are nuclease resistant and often stable in serum and body fluids for days [7], they are rapidly excreted w ...
Butyrate and Mucosal Inflammation: New Scientific
... Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are bacterial metabolites generated via the fermentation of dietary fibers. Luminal SCFAs are recognized as a preferred energy substrate for the colonic epithelium. As early as the 1980s, SCFAs were observed to offer therape ...
... Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are bacterial metabolites generated via the fermentation of dietary fibers. Luminal SCFAs are recognized as a preferred energy substrate for the colonic epithelium. As early as the 1980s, SCFAs were observed to offer therape ...
Blood and Blood Component Therapy
... but common in blacks. It is thought that this developed as a survival advantage in malarial regions of Africa, since such individuals are naturally resistant to infection by P. vivax. Anti-Fya is a relatively common antibody, while anti-Fyb is less common. Both are clinically significant and associa ...
... but common in blacks. It is thought that this developed as a survival advantage in malarial regions of Africa, since such individuals are naturally resistant to infection by P. vivax. Anti-Fya is a relatively common antibody, while anti-Fyb is less common. Both are clinically significant and associa ...
a case of hashimoto`s thyroiditis with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
... improvement with rise in the hemoglobin level, disappearance of hemoglobinuria and jaundice. DISCUSSION: Autoimmune diseases comprise of a heterogeneous group of disorders and are sometimes defined as a clinical syndrome caused by alterations in the immune system such as activation of T cells or B c ...
... improvement with rise in the hemoglobin level, disappearance of hemoglobinuria and jaundice. DISCUSSION: Autoimmune diseases comprise of a heterogeneous group of disorders and are sometimes defined as a clinical syndrome caused by alterations in the immune system such as activation of T cells or B c ...
Increased CTLA-4+T cells and an increased ratio of monocytes with
... patients with immune dysregulation such as after transplantation or in the setting of HIV/AIDS [4]. Immune system abnormalities have also been reported in solid tumors. Loss of CD27+ memory B cells, poor chemokine mediated trafficking of effector cells and inhibition of Tcell function by negative re ...
... patients with immune dysregulation such as after transplantation or in the setting of HIV/AIDS [4]. Immune system abnormalities have also been reported in solid tumors. Loss of CD27+ memory B cells, poor chemokine mediated trafficking of effector cells and inhibition of Tcell function by negative re ...
Dynamics of Lymphocytic Subpopulations in
... The T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance mechanism ap pears to play a major role in host defenseagainst antigenically foreign cells, such as allografts and tumors. Passive transfer of immune lymphoid cells can often accelerate allograft rejection (1, 2) or protect the host specifically against challen ...
... The T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance mechanism ap pears to play a major role in host defenseagainst antigenically foreign cells, such as allografts and tumors. Passive transfer of immune lymphoid cells can often accelerate allograft rejection (1, 2) or protect the host specifically against challen ...
Functional Anatomy of Lymphatic System
... largest lymphatic organ located in upper left abdominal quadrant between fundus of stomach and diaphragm ...
... largest lymphatic organ located in upper left abdominal quadrant between fundus of stomach and diaphragm ...
Immunometabolism governs dendritic cell and macrophage function
... R ecent studies on intracellular metabolism in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages provide new insights on the functioning of these critical controllers of innate and adaptive immunity. Both cell types undergo profound metabolic reprogramming in response to environmental cues, such as hypoxia or n ...
... R ecent studies on intracellular metabolism in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages provide new insights on the functioning of these critical controllers of innate and adaptive immunity. Both cell types undergo profound metabolic reprogramming in response to environmental cues, such as hypoxia or n ...
Title Hypoxia, innate immunity and infection in the lung Author(s
... Dendritic cells (DC) play an essential role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses as they have the ability to activate T-cells (Chaudhuri et al. 2008). DC migrate into draining lymph nodes and present antigen fragments on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the presence of ...
... Dendritic cells (DC) play an essential role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses as they have the ability to activate T-cells (Chaudhuri et al. 2008). DC migrate into draining lymph nodes and present antigen fragments on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the presence of ...
Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
... four people in the United States and elsewhere. Most of what we know about this condition is the result of practice-based studies done by physician-researcher Ritchie Shoemaker. In a series of studies going back to 1998, Shoemaker developed an increasingly thorough description of an illness caused b ...
... four people in the United States and elsewhere. Most of what we know about this condition is the result of practice-based studies done by physician-researcher Ritchie Shoemaker. In a series of studies going back to 1998, Shoemaker developed an increasingly thorough description of an illness caused b ...
Immunometabolism governs dendritic cell and macrophage function
... R ecent studies on intracellular metabolism in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages provide new insights on the functioning of these critical controllers of innate and adaptive immunity. Both cell types undergo profound metabolic reprogramming in response to environmental cues, such as hypoxia or n ...
... R ecent studies on intracellular metabolism in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages provide new insights on the functioning of these critical controllers of innate and adaptive immunity. Both cell types undergo profound metabolic reprogramming in response to environmental cues, such as hypoxia or n ...
AH2.5 Parasitism
... • histamine release causes blood vessels to dilate • blood vessels more permeable so fluid leaks into tissue • tissue swells up so other cells can easily access area ...
... • histamine release causes blood vessels to dilate • blood vessels more permeable so fluid leaks into tissue • tissue swells up so other cells can easily access area ...
Program
... Every day, in our body, millions of cells take birth, communicate with each other, generate many substances and some of them die, all to ensure the maintenance of the well being of the organism. Some of these cells have an important task – that of sentinels. The immune system through its cells and m ...
... Every day, in our body, millions of cells take birth, communicate with each other, generate many substances and some of them die, all to ensure the maintenance of the well being of the organism. Some of these cells have an important task – that of sentinels. The immune system through its cells and m ...
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
... Bovine babesiosis is caused by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, respectively known as Asiatic and African redwater. The only known vector of B. bovis in southern Africa is R. microplus. Transmission in the vector is transovarial (De Vos, De Waal & Jackson 2004). Babesia bigemina has several tick ...
... Bovine babesiosis is caused by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, respectively known as Asiatic and African redwater. The only known vector of B. bovis in southern Africa is R. microplus. Transmission in the vector is transovarial (De Vos, De Waal & Jackson 2004). Babesia bigemina has several tick ...
Do CD8 effector cells need IL-7R expression to
... between these subsets most likely permit a degree of independence in their regulation.2 During immune responses, however, activation of naive T cells by foreign peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) uncouples the cells from these homeostatic constraints so that they can undergo a rapid expa ...
... between these subsets most likely permit a degree of independence in their regulation.2 During immune responses, however, activation of naive T cells by foreign peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) uncouples the cells from these homeostatic constraints so that they can undergo a rapid expa ...
Lipopolysaccharide and the lung: a story of love and hate EDITORIAL R. Bals
... endothelial cells [8], but also to epithelial permeability [9]. The scientists use the specific MLCK inhibitor ML-7. The data from the animal experiments show that ML-7 inhibits the neutrophilic inflammation caused by LPS. In vitro, phosphorylation of MLCK after LPS exposure was inhibited by ML-7. T ...
... endothelial cells [8], but also to epithelial permeability [9]. The scientists use the specific MLCK inhibitor ML-7. The data from the animal experiments show that ML-7 inhibits the neutrophilic inflammation caused by LPS. In vitro, phosphorylation of MLCK after LPS exposure was inhibited by ML-7. T ...
Heart Allograft Tolerance Regulatory Cells: Relevance to
... We hypothesize that developmental exposure to noninherited maternal Ags (NIMA) results in alloantigen-specific natural and adaptive T regulatory (TR) cells. We compared offspring exposed to maternal H-2d (NIMAd) with nonexposed controls. In vitro assays did not reveal any differences in T cell respo ...
... We hypothesize that developmental exposure to noninherited maternal Ags (NIMA) results in alloantigen-specific natural and adaptive T regulatory (TR) cells. We compared offspring exposed to maternal H-2d (NIMAd) with nonexposed controls. In vitro assays did not reveal any differences in T cell respo ...
Artificial Immune Systems: An Emerging Technology
... Primary immune response Launch a response to invading pathogens ...
... Primary immune response Launch a response to invading pathogens ...
Dendritic cells in Leishmania infection
... The importance of CD40–CD40L interaction for IL12p70 production, which is also investigated for immunotherapy of infections, is underlined in a study on human myeloid-derived human DCs [35]. The IL-12p70 production by L. major-harbouring myeloid-derived human DCs showed a CD40/CD40L-dependent proces ...
... The importance of CD40–CD40L interaction for IL12p70 production, which is also investigated for immunotherapy of infections, is underlined in a study on human myeloid-derived human DCs [35]. The IL-12p70 production by L. major-harbouring myeloid-derived human DCs showed a CD40/CD40L-dependent proces ...
Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha induce Fas
... salivary intercalated duct cells transformed by irradiation, express Fas antigen after IFN-γ or TNF-α treatment and undergo apoptotic cell death in response to anti-Fas antibody. These results can hopefully serve as the basis for cellular models for future investigations addressing the regulation of ...
... salivary intercalated duct cells transformed by irradiation, express Fas antigen after IFN-γ or TNF-α treatment and undergo apoptotic cell death in response to anti-Fas antibody. These results can hopefully serve as the basis for cellular models for future investigations addressing the regulation of ...
1 ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY AND THE ROLE OF IMMUNUNE
... most tumors express class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens and not MHC class II antigens. This characteristic is significant because CTLs recognize peptide antigens presented by tumors on MHC class I molecules. If certain antigens are presented to CTLs on MHC I, then CTLs will direc ...
... most tumors express class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens and not MHC class II antigens. This characteristic is significant because CTLs recognize peptide antigens presented by tumors on MHC class I molecules. If certain antigens are presented to CTLs on MHC I, then CTLs will direc ...
Use of Stem Cells for Autism Treatment
... It is generally agreed that stem cell therapies represent the future of molecular and regenerative medicine for what would otherwise be untreatable human diseases. Stem cells are also suitable for developing cell-based patient-specific pharmacotherapies [10, 11]. Thus, it is hoped that stem cells of ...
... It is generally agreed that stem cell therapies represent the future of molecular and regenerative medicine for what would otherwise be untreatable human diseases. Stem cells are also suitable for developing cell-based patient-specific pharmacotherapies [10, 11]. Thus, it is hoped that stem cells of ...
Cytokines
... At what concentration? How long will it be around? Is it being modified by other proteins? Activated? Degraded? What other cytokines are being made? Do they affect the first cytokine? Do they activate or inhibit the first cytokine? Is the cytokine receptor available on the target cell or cells? Is t ...
... At what concentration? How long will it be around? Is it being modified by other proteins? Activated? Degraded? What other cytokines are being made? Do they affect the first cytokine? Do they activate or inhibit the first cytokine? Is the cytokine receptor available on the target cell or cells? Is t ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.