"Autoimmune Disease". - University of St Andrews
... The purpose of the body’s immune system is to fight off infection, such as viruses or bacteria, and normally the immune system can make a very fine distinction between exogenous antigens (as, for example, manifested by those microorganisms) and self antigens, against which it does not normally react (s ...
... The purpose of the body’s immune system is to fight off infection, such as viruses or bacteria, and normally the immune system can make a very fine distinction between exogenous antigens (as, for example, manifested by those microorganisms) and self antigens, against which it does not normally react (s ...
Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
... • Activated B cells develop into plasma cells • Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood • Circulating antibodies produce humoral immunity ...
... • Activated B cells develop into plasma cells • Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood • Circulating antibodies produce humoral immunity ...
A c a d
... Cytokines also maintain and perpetuate the immune response by interacting with nearby cells that bear the appropriate cell surface receptors. Once activated these cells produce their own cytokines and effector molecules, this sequential expanded production of cytokines constitutes the "cytokine casc ...
... Cytokines also maintain and perpetuate the immune response by interacting with nearby cells that bear the appropriate cell surface receptors. Once activated these cells produce their own cytokines and effector molecules, this sequential expanded production of cytokines constitutes the "cytokine casc ...
Chapter 1 General introduction and outine of the thesis
... Skin resident immune cells include dermal Tcells and macrophages (Mφ) and epidermal Langerhans cells7,8. These cells are important for immune surveillance, but also prevent the immune system from reacting to harmless agents7. ...
... Skin resident immune cells include dermal Tcells and macrophages (Mφ) and epidermal Langerhans cells7,8. These cells are important for immune surveillance, but also prevent the immune system from reacting to harmless agents7. ...
Role and therapeutic value of dendritic cells in central
... DC activity is a potential therapeutic approach for MS and other immune-mediated diseases, particularly for the re-establishment of antigen-specific tolerance. However, these drugs were not specifically designed to target DCs and obviously affect many cell types and biological processes in vivo, pot ...
... DC activity is a potential therapeutic approach for MS and other immune-mediated diseases, particularly for the re-establishment of antigen-specific tolerance. However, these drugs were not specifically designed to target DCs and obviously affect many cell types and biological processes in vivo, pot ...
Pulparesponser
... proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single membrane-spanning non-catalytic receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recogn ...
... proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single membrane-spanning non-catalytic receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recogn ...
Pulp responses
... proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single membrane-spanning non-catalytic receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recogn ...
... proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single membrane-spanning non-catalytic receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recogn ...
Significance of the MHC Significance of the MHC
... arbitrarily designated as having the k haplotype (I.e. H-2k). • Thus, it is: H-2k = Kk, Dk, Lk, I-Ak, I-Ek ...
... arbitrarily designated as having the k haplotype (I.e. H-2k). • Thus, it is: H-2k = Kk, Dk, Lk, I-Ak, I-Ek ...
secondary immunological lysis in ehrlich`s ascites carcinoma
... that the object of the experiment,has been achieved as primary lysis, with subsequent fluid exudation, seems to have been avoided. The cytology supports this as only a minimal number of injured cells were found in the saline treated males. As primary lysis has been avoided in this group sensitisatio ...
... that the object of the experiment,has been achieved as primary lysis, with subsequent fluid exudation, seems to have been avoided. The cytology supports this as only a minimal number of injured cells were found in the saline treated males. As primary lysis has been avoided in this group sensitisatio ...
Antoine Roquilly, MD (1-2), Alexis Broquet, PhD (1), Cedric Jacqueline,... Gautreau, PhD (3-4), Jean Pierre Segain, PhD (5), Pierre de... TLR-4 agonist in post-haemorrhage pneumonia: role of dendritic and natural...
... TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France) and treated for 45 min at 37°C with 2 U of RQ1 DNase (Promega, Lyon, France). RNA (1 µg) was reverse-transcribed with Superscript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen). The cDNA (1 µl) was subjected to RT-qPCR in a Bio-Rad iCycler iQ system using ...
... TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France) and treated for 45 min at 37°C with 2 U of RQ1 DNase (Promega, Lyon, France). RNA (1 µg) was reverse-transcribed with Superscript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen). The cDNA (1 µl) was subjected to RT-qPCR in a Bio-Rad iCycler iQ system using ...
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
... is thought that mlns are the crossroads of systemic and mucosal immunity. Within the mlns, lymphoid cells from mucosal and systemic immunity interact, T-cell maturation continues, and it is likely that critical issues of gut homeostasis are determined as outlined below. Immune effector sites may be ...
... is thought that mlns are the crossroads of systemic and mucosal immunity. Within the mlns, lymphoid cells from mucosal and systemic immunity interact, T-cell maturation continues, and it is likely that critical issues of gut homeostasis are determined as outlined below. Immune effector sites may be ...
Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Innate Immunity
... top of the microvilli (Hammarström and Baranov, 2001). The mucus/glycocalyx compartment also contains a spectrum of antimicrobial proteins including secretory IgA with specificity for microbial antigens, defensins, lysozyme, lactoferrin etc. (Magalhaes et al., 2007). Together, these layers provide a ...
... top of the microvilli (Hammarström and Baranov, 2001). The mucus/glycocalyx compartment also contains a spectrum of antimicrobial proteins including secretory IgA with specificity for microbial antigens, defensins, lysozyme, lactoferrin etc. (Magalhaes et al., 2007). Together, these layers provide a ...
Toll-like receptor-4 agonist in post-haemorrhage pneumonia: role
... been related to a state of immunosuppression lasting 7–10 days followed by an immunological recovery [3]. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses through production of cytokines, as well as presentation of antigen to naive lymphocytes [4]. Natural kill ...
... been related to a state of immunosuppression lasting 7–10 days followed by an immunological recovery [3]. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses through production of cytokines, as well as presentation of antigen to naive lymphocytes [4]. Natural kill ...
ASTRAGALUS AND IMMUNITY
... about fifty. By the time we are in our seventies it is only about a quarter ounce in weight. Stem cells (thymocytes) are sent from the bone marrow to the thymus where they mature into T-cells. T-cells are extremely important for proper immune function. For example, one of the main reasons elderly pe ...
... about fifty. By the time we are in our seventies it is only about a quarter ounce in weight. Stem cells (thymocytes) are sent from the bone marrow to the thymus where they mature into T-cells. T-cells are extremely important for proper immune function. For example, one of the main reasons elderly pe ...
Innate immune responses in hepatitis B virus (HBV
... Injection of HBV transgenic mice with CD40 ligand to induce maturation of antigen presenting cells lead to recruitment of macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells to the liver and induced secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IFNα/β, which ultimately resulted in inhibition of HBV replication [24]. In a pr ...
... Injection of HBV transgenic mice with CD40 ligand to induce maturation of antigen presenting cells lead to recruitment of macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells to the liver and induced secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IFNα/β, which ultimately resulted in inhibition of HBV replication [24]. In a pr ...
Complement-induced regulatory T cells suppress T
... interfaces such as the gastrointestinal tract where their specific cytokine profile provides a mechanism that ensures unresponsiveness to commensal bacteria while maintaining reactivity to invading pathogens. (Blood. 2006;107:1497-1504) © 2006 by The American Society of Hematology ...
... interfaces such as the gastrointestinal tract where their specific cytokine profile provides a mechanism that ensures unresponsiveness to commensal bacteria while maintaining reactivity to invading pathogens. (Blood. 2006;107:1497-1504) © 2006 by The American Society of Hematology ...
Autoimmune diseases: genes, bugs and failed regulation
... of these “susceptibility regions” are similar in humans and rodents. More importantly, a number of the genetic loci relevant to at least four of the five diseases discussed in the accompanying News & Views articles are shared in some manner6. It is not clear whether this “sharing” is due to the clus ...
... of these “susceptibility regions” are similar in humans and rodents. More importantly, a number of the genetic loci relevant to at least four of the five diseases discussed in the accompanying News & Views articles are shared in some manner6. It is not clear whether this “sharing” is due to the clus ...
t The Immune System in the Oldest-Old Clinical and Immunological Studies in
... an increase from 1.5 % fifty years earlier. The immune system undergoes dramatic changes at high age, sometimes referred to as “immunosenescence”. However, the natures of these changes, and in particular, their clinical consequences are incompletely understood. In a previous longitudinal study, a se ...
... an increase from 1.5 % fifty years earlier. The immune system undergoes dramatic changes at high age, sometimes referred to as “immunosenescence”. However, the natures of these changes, and in particular, their clinical consequences are incompletely understood. In a previous longitudinal study, a se ...
Stress pathophysiology
... inflammatory response; inhibit proinflammatory activity of many growth factors and cytokines; however, over time some individuals may develop tolerance to glucocorticoids, causingan increased susceptibility to both inflammatory and autoimmune disease Cortisol levels released during stress response m ...
... inflammatory response; inhibit proinflammatory activity of many growth factors and cytokines; however, over time some individuals may develop tolerance to glucocorticoids, causingan increased susceptibility to both inflammatory and autoimmune disease Cortisol levels released during stress response m ...
Virus-Infected Liver of Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells in the Fas
... fections. In fact, a number of viruses, among them hepatitis B (HBV)3 and hepatitis C virus (HCV), are known to cause chronic infections, often leading to liver cirrhosis and death (5–7). Therefore, the question arises whether the failure of the liver to successfully eliminate viral infections may i ...
... fections. In fact, a number of viruses, among them hepatitis B (HBV)3 and hepatitis C virus (HCV), are known to cause chronic infections, often leading to liver cirrhosis and death (5–7). Therefore, the question arises whether the failure of the liver to successfully eliminate viral infections may i ...
29 - California State University, Stanislaus
... If they link up with the body’s proteins, the adaptive immune system may recognize them as foreign and mount a harmful attack (allergy) ...
... If they link up with the body’s proteins, the adaptive immune system may recognize them as foreign and mount a harmful attack (allergy) ...
T cell epitope: Friend or Foe? Immunogenicity of biologics in context
... induction of immune response to autologous proteins. There are many parallels between the development of autoimmune disease and immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including the reduction of regulatory T cell (Treg) immune responses and induction of T effector responses [9]. Deviation of the imm ...
... induction of immune response to autologous proteins. There are many parallels between the development of autoimmune disease and immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including the reduction of regulatory T cell (Treg) immune responses and induction of T effector responses [9]. Deviation of the imm ...
chapter 5 complement
... many factors, including its susceptibility to complement dependent lysis and opsonization and its ability to trigger the alternate pathway of complement, as well as on the nature of the adaptive immune response which it generates (depending on its degree of immunogenicity and the isotype distributio ...
... many factors, including its susceptibility to complement dependent lysis and opsonization and its ability to trigger the alternate pathway of complement, as well as on the nature of the adaptive immune response which it generates (depending on its degree of immunogenicity and the isotype distributio ...
CBS_Apr_7_05
... were killed by infectious or parasitic infection [WHO, 2004] •The three main single infectious diseases are HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, each of which causes more than 1 million deaths ...
... were killed by infectious or parasitic infection [WHO, 2004] •The three main single infectious diseases are HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, each of which causes more than 1 million deaths ...
Application Note Background
... T-75 flask. Seal the tissue culture vessel and incubate cells for 40 min at 2-8°C. If necessary incubate another 20 min at room temperature to enforce cell release from the culture surface. Firmly tap the tissue culture vessel to facilitate cell detachment. Make sure most of the cells have already d ...
... T-75 flask. Seal the tissue culture vessel and incubate cells for 40 min at 2-8°C. If necessary incubate another 20 min at room temperature to enforce cell release from the culture surface. Firmly tap the tissue culture vessel to facilitate cell detachment. Make sure most of the cells have already d ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.