bacteria engage in a hazardous hide-and
... author of the study. Applying their most important virulence factor, the so-called M protein, the bacteria enter endothelial cells where they fuse with so-called lysosomes. This special region of the cell serves for disposal of foreign and harmful substances. These bacteria also should get killed th ...
... author of the study. Applying their most important virulence factor, the so-called M protein, the bacteria enter endothelial cells where they fuse with so-called lysosomes. This special region of the cell serves for disposal of foreign and harmful substances. These bacteria also should get killed th ...
Name - Medical Mastermind Community
... D. They predominate in the MALT, causing B cell class switching to IgA. E. They upregulate CD4 on B cells. MATCHING: Choose the single BEST answer. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 4. T cell mediated 5. IgE mediated 6. Soluble antigen-antibody immune complex mediated 7. C ...
... D. They predominate in the MALT, causing B cell class switching to IgA. E. They upregulate CD4 on B cells. MATCHING: Choose the single BEST answer. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 4. T cell mediated 5. IgE mediated 6. Soluble antigen-antibody immune complex mediated 7. C ...
Inflammation in CNS
... monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, as reflected by circulating levels of different proinflammatory molecules (5,6). An immune response in the CNS may be triggered also by endogenous ligands that stimulate TLRs. For example, signals from damaged cells (heat-shock proteins, components of the ext ...
... monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, as reflected by circulating levels of different proinflammatory molecules (5,6). An immune response in the CNS may be triggered also by endogenous ligands that stimulate TLRs. For example, signals from damaged cells (heat-shock proteins, components of the ext ...
Document
... Active immunity: long-lasting protection (memory), multiple effector mechanisms activated, lag time Passive immunity: rapid protection, short duration ...
... Active immunity: long-lasting protection (memory), multiple effector mechanisms activated, lag time Passive immunity: rapid protection, short duration ...
Foundations in Microbiology
... attention to, or neutralize the Ag for which it was formed. • Opsonization – process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes • Agglutination – Ab aggregation; cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps • Neutrali ...
... attention to, or neutralize the Ag for which it was formed. • Opsonization – process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes • Agglutination – Ab aggregation; cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps • Neutrali ...
Cellular Biology
... Specificity – Some antibodies are quite specific to an antigen others are general to a “type” or “form” Memory – b-memory cells are formed and remain to combat future exposures quickly (Active vs Passive immunity Antibodies – the proteins formed by b-cells that combat antigens whether chemical or bi ...
... Specificity – Some antibodies are quite specific to an antigen others are general to a “type” or “form” Memory – b-memory cells are formed and remain to combat future exposures quickly (Active vs Passive immunity Antibodies – the proteins formed by b-cells that combat antigens whether chemical or bi ...
Preventing Communicable Diseases
... Vaccines to Aid the Four Types of VaccinesBody’s Defenses 1. Live-virus vaccines are made to lose most of their diseasecausing properties while stimulating the production of antibodies. 2. Killed-virus vaccines use inactivated pathogens. The organism stimulates an immune response and antibodies are ...
... Vaccines to Aid the Four Types of VaccinesBody’s Defenses 1. Live-virus vaccines are made to lose most of their diseasecausing properties while stimulating the production of antibodies. 2. Killed-virus vaccines use inactivated pathogens. The organism stimulates an immune response and antibodies are ...
anatomy of the immune system
... • they bind to cells using an antibody “bridge”, then kill it by secreting a chemical (perforin) that makes holes in the cell membrane of the target cell. With enough holes, the cell will die, because water rushing inside the cell will induce osmotic swelling, and an influx of calcium may trigger ap ...
... • they bind to cells using an antibody “bridge”, then kill it by secreting a chemical (perforin) that makes holes in the cell membrane of the target cell. With enough holes, the cell will die, because water rushing inside the cell will induce osmotic swelling, and an influx of calcium may trigger ap ...
Tissue effector memory T cells Lymphoid central memory T cells
... Comparison of the B-cell populations that participate in the primary and secondary adaptive immune responses ...
... Comparison of the B-cell populations that participate in the primary and secondary adaptive immune responses ...
Tissue effector memory T cells Lymphoid central memory T cells
... Comparison of the B-cell populations that participate in the primary and secondary adaptive immune responses ...
... Comparison of the B-cell populations that participate in the primary and secondary adaptive immune responses ...
1. seminar 2011
... origin: pluripotent cells of the bone marrow lymphoid progenitors maturation: bursa equivalent tissues (embrionic liver, later bone marrow) -localization: takes 5-10% of the circulating lymphocytes; migrate from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphatic organs thorugh the circulation - antigen pres ...
... origin: pluripotent cells of the bone marrow lymphoid progenitors maturation: bursa equivalent tissues (embrionic liver, later bone marrow) -localization: takes 5-10% of the circulating lymphocytes; migrate from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphatic organs thorugh the circulation - antigen pres ...
Osmoregulation, Excretion Immune System
... invading bacteria. Include the terms: antigen, antibodies, plasma cells, neutralization, opsonization, complement proteins, membrane attack complex, pores. 9. If the pathogen was a virus, a different response (cell-mediated) would occur. Draw a picture or series of pictures that shows what would occ ...
... invading bacteria. Include the terms: antigen, antibodies, plasma cells, neutralization, opsonization, complement proteins, membrane attack complex, pores. 9. If the pathogen was a virus, a different response (cell-mediated) would occur. Draw a picture or series of pictures that shows what would occ ...
HIV/AIDS - Artec Inc.
... White blood cells circulate in the blood system, immunosurveilling, identifying non-self cells and cellular debris. When devouring takes place, white blood cells churn out a strong chemical signal in the form of Cytokines, such as Interleukin (IL). IL in turn stimulates the immune system to massivel ...
... White blood cells circulate in the blood system, immunosurveilling, identifying non-self cells and cellular debris. When devouring takes place, white blood cells churn out a strong chemical signal in the form of Cytokines, such as Interleukin (IL). IL in turn stimulates the immune system to massivel ...
Immunity
... • IgA – This immunoglobin protects the body against gastrointestinal and respiratory problems. It is commonly found in milk and saliva. • IgD- This antibody activates the B cell after interacting with ...
... • IgA – This immunoglobin protects the body against gastrointestinal and respiratory problems. It is commonly found in milk and saliva. • IgD- This antibody activates the B cell after interacting with ...
The Immune System
... – Three types of cells o Two types of lymphocytes – B lymphocytes (B cells)—humoral immunity – T lymphocytes (T cells)—cellular immunity o Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) – Do not respond to specific antigens – Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity Lymphocyte Development, Maturation, and Activa ...
... – Three types of cells o Two types of lymphocytes – B lymphocytes (B cells)—humoral immunity – T lymphocytes (T cells)—cellular immunity o Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) – Do not respond to specific antigens – Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity Lymphocyte Development, Maturation, and Activa ...
Chap 34 - Resistance of the Body to Infection
... A. immunity - ability to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs ...
... A. immunity - ability to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs ...
1st - structure of the immune system 2012-13
... origin: pluripotent cells of the bone marrow lymphoid progenitors maturation: bursa equivalent tissues (embrionic liver, later bone marrow) -localization: takes 5-10% of the circulating lymphocytes; migrate from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphatic organs thorugh the circulation - antigen pres ...
... origin: pluripotent cells of the bone marrow lymphoid progenitors maturation: bursa equivalent tissues (embrionic liver, later bone marrow) -localization: takes 5-10% of the circulating lymphocytes; migrate from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphatic organs thorugh the circulation - antigen pres ...
1. seminar 2012
... origin: pluripotent cells of the bone marrow lymphoid progenitors maturation: bursa equivalent tissues (embrionic liver, later bone marrow) -localization: takes 5-10% of the circulating lymphocytes; migrate from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphatic organs thorugh the circulation - antigen pres ...
... origin: pluripotent cells of the bone marrow lymphoid progenitors maturation: bursa equivalent tissues (embrionic liver, later bone marrow) -localization: takes 5-10% of the circulating lymphocytes; migrate from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphatic organs thorugh the circulation - antigen pres ...
Innate lymphocytes_LÁ_optional
... A distinct population of T-cells expresses a second class of TCR with γδT cell receptors ...
... A distinct population of T-cells expresses a second class of TCR with γδT cell receptors ...
Blank Jeopardy
... Bacteria can cause disease in two ways. One way is by breaking down our body’s cells as food. What is the other way? ...
... Bacteria can cause disease in two ways. One way is by breaking down our body’s cells as food. What is the other way? ...
Viruses (dellpassovoy) - Ms. Pass's Biology Web Page
... transcriptase into the cell to copy viral RNA into DNA. ...
... transcriptase into the cell to copy viral RNA into DNA. ...
lecture08_C
... for each pathogen Effective against both intra- and extracellular pathogens Two main components: Humoral immunity - Relies on Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes - Fights pathogens outside of cells ...
... for each pathogen Effective against both intra- and extracellular pathogens Two main components: Humoral immunity - Relies on Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes - Fights pathogens outside of cells ...
Pathogens and the immune system
... Recognizes antigens (molecular signatures) specific for each pathogen Effective against both intra- and extracellular pathogens Two main components: Humoral immunity - Relies on Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes - Fights pathogens outside of cells ...
... Recognizes antigens (molecular signatures) specific for each pathogen Effective against both intra- and extracellular pathogens Two main components: Humoral immunity - Relies on Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes - Fights pathogens outside of cells ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.