- Journal of Clinical Investigation
... a potential role for viral infections in the progression and/or exacerbation of lung fibrosis (10, 11). Viruses and other intracellular pathogens can cause apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis (12). However, at present, it is unclear to wha ...
... a potential role for viral infections in the progression and/or exacerbation of lung fibrosis (10, 11). Viruses and other intracellular pathogens can cause apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis (12). However, at present, it is unclear to wha ...
8139
... CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are short single-stranded synthetic DNA molecules that activate the immune system and have been found to be effective for preventing and treating infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers. Structurally distinct classes of synthetic ODN expressing CpG motifs differen ...
... CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are short single-stranded synthetic DNA molecules that activate the immune system and have been found to be effective for preventing and treating infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers. Structurally distinct classes of synthetic ODN expressing CpG motifs differen ...
IACFS/ME Conference 2014 Summary
... (Salt Lake City, USA). She described O.I. as treatable with midodrine and there are 2 FDA trials happening. Hours of vertical activity (HVA) was used as a measure to assess effectiveness. A pilot study of 23 patients was undertaken, but 12 never started the medication, 5 did not continue (lack of co ...
... (Salt Lake City, USA). She described O.I. as treatable with midodrine and there are 2 FDA trials happening. Hours of vertical activity (HVA) was used as a measure to assess effectiveness. A pilot study of 23 patients was undertaken, but 12 never started the medication, 5 did not continue (lack of co ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... of infected hepatocytes in combination with MHC class I and then presented to T cells. This presentation results in killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or through IFN-γ produced by NK and CD4+ T cells which triggers a cascade of immune reactions that ultimately leads to the d ...
... of infected hepatocytes in combination with MHC class I and then presented to T cells. This presentation results in killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or through IFN-γ produced by NK and CD4+ T cells which triggers a cascade of immune reactions that ultimately leads to the d ...
Molecular Imagaing Annual Report
... functions of two innate T cell subgroups - Natural Killer T (NKT) cells and Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells. Working together with Centre colleague, Jamie Rossjohn, Prof. James McCluskey at the University of Melbourne and a number of high profile international collaborators, Dale and his ...
... functions of two innate T cell subgroups - Natural Killer T (NKT) cells and Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells. Working together with Centre colleague, Jamie Rossjohn, Prof. James McCluskey at the University of Melbourne and a number of high profile international collaborators, Dale and his ...
Thesis - KI Open Archive
... DSCs were expanded to high cell numbers at low passage number. These DSCs were then introduced as a treatment for severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a common complication after HSCT with high mortality rates. In an initial pilot study, nine patients were treated with DSCs. In eight patients wh ...
... DSCs were expanded to high cell numbers at low passage number. These DSCs were then introduced as a treatment for severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a common complication after HSCT with high mortality rates. In an initial pilot study, nine patients were treated with DSCs. In eight patients wh ...
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein–mediated actin dynamics control
... Dysregulated production of type-I IFN by pDCs represents a crucial step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as SLE, Sjogren syndrome, and psoriasis. Some typical features of these diseases, such as skin lesions, arthritis, renal diseases, and cutaneous vasculitis, are also present in a p ...
... Dysregulated production of type-I IFN by pDCs represents a crucial step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as SLE, Sjogren syndrome, and psoriasis. Some typical features of these diseases, such as skin lesions, arthritis, renal diseases, and cutaneous vasculitis, are also present in a p ...
basic immunology
... epithelial cells. The mucosal surface of the gut is busy. It is constantly exposed to zillions of bacteria and other potential pathogens for an entire lifetime. But it is a very effective barrier because of its design. The epithelial cells it is made up of are very tightly stuck together so that wat ...
... epithelial cells. The mucosal surface of the gut is busy. It is constantly exposed to zillions of bacteria and other potential pathogens for an entire lifetime. But it is a very effective barrier because of its design. The epithelial cells it is made up of are very tightly stuck together so that wat ...
Introduction to the Skin
... As well as the true resident skin cells, a large variety of different cell types migrate through the different layers of the skin. The components of the skin are intimately linked with this migration, and the “cross-talk” between the layers This shows that the skin is a dynamic organ Basic funct ...
... As well as the true resident skin cells, a large variety of different cell types migrate through the different layers of the skin. The components of the skin are intimately linked with this migration, and the “cross-talk” between the layers This shows that the skin is a dynamic organ Basic funct ...
Tissue after Acute Infection Ex Vivo Cytokine Gene Expression in
... Notably, R5 strains use CD4 and CCR5 to enter cells. Cells such as memory T cells and macrophages express CCR5 and are therefore permissive to R5 strains (26). Typically, R5 strains are involved in the early infection and predominate until late-stage AIDS. X4 strains use CD4 and CXCR4, receptors fou ...
... Notably, R5 strains use CD4 and CCR5 to enter cells. Cells such as memory T cells and macrophages express CCR5 and are therefore permissive to R5 strains (26). Typically, R5 strains are involved in the early infection and predominate until late-stage AIDS. X4 strains use CD4 and CXCR4, receptors fou ...
Role of the PD‐1 Pathway in the Immune Response
... Function of PD-1:PD-L Pathway A major role of the PD-1:PD-L pathway is the inhibition of T cell function by engagement of the PD-1 receptor on T cells by PD-L1 or PD-L2 on antigen presenting cells (APCs). APCs transfected with PD-L1 or PD-L2 inhibit T cell responses, while blockade or genetic ablati ...
... Function of PD-1:PD-L Pathway A major role of the PD-1:PD-L pathway is the inhibition of T cell function by engagement of the PD-1 receptor on T cells by PD-L1 or PD-L2 on antigen presenting cells (APCs). APCs transfected with PD-L1 or PD-L2 inhibit T cell responses, while blockade or genetic ablati ...
Blackcurrant phenolic extract induces hemeoxygenase
... act synergistically to suppress IL-4-induced CCL26 in lung epithelial cells, which involves the prevention of STAT-6 phosphorylation and subsequent CCL26 transcription. IFNg enhances the ability of blackcurrant phenolic extract to suppress IL-4-induced CCL26 expression, which in part, involves the p ...
... act synergistically to suppress IL-4-induced CCL26 in lung epithelial cells, which involves the prevention of STAT-6 phosphorylation and subsequent CCL26 transcription. IFNg enhances the ability of blackcurrant phenolic extract to suppress IL-4-induced CCL26 expression, which in part, involves the p ...
Naturally produced opsonizing antibodies restrict the survival of
... state known as ‘latent TB infection (LTBI)’. Effectiveness of this response can be gauged from the fact that even though a third of the world population is considered to be infected with Mtb, less than 10% of the infected persons develop TB during their lifetime [2,3]. An insight into the mechanism( ...
... state known as ‘latent TB infection (LTBI)’. Effectiveness of this response can be gauged from the fact that even though a third of the world population is considered to be infected with Mtb, less than 10% of the infected persons develop TB during their lifetime [2,3]. An insight into the mechanism( ...
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... ample evidence that the immunomodulatory effect of NA is mediated through cAMP. NA and the adrenergic agonists may influence the immune response directly, through adrenergic β-receptors expressed on macrophages and other immunologically competent cells, as well as indirectly via alteration of endoge ...
... ample evidence that the immunomodulatory effect of NA is mediated through cAMP. NA and the adrenergic agonists may influence the immune response directly, through adrenergic β-receptors expressed on macrophages and other immunologically competent cells, as well as indirectly via alteration of endoge ...
A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie
... the diseases kuru, iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and new-variant CJD1,2. The development of neurological disease after peripheral inocuNATURE | VOL 390 | 18/25 DECEMBER 1997 ...
... the diseases kuru, iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and new-variant CJD1,2. The development of neurological disease after peripheral inocuNATURE | VOL 390 | 18/25 DECEMBER 1997 ...
FasL is expressed in human breast cancer endothelia. Who
... longer periods compared with other areas (1). It is well known that FasL (CD95 ligand) (2) is able to induce cell death in Fas-bearing cells (3). The Fas/FasL interaction plays an essential role in the immune system homeostasis (4) and in the preservation of immune privilege status (2). Using simila ...
... longer periods compared with other areas (1). It is well known that FasL (CD95 ligand) (2) is able to induce cell death in Fas-bearing cells (3). The Fas/FasL interaction plays an essential role in the immune system homeostasis (4) and in the preservation of immune privilege status (2). Using simila ...
New Technologies in Vaccines (continued)
... (nobelprize.org/educational/ medicine/immunity) for The human immune system is able to additional readings about recognize and distinguish between protein the immune system and to (and some other) molecules that belong play The Immune System, an interactive game. to its owner’s body (self) and those ...
... (nobelprize.org/educational/ medicine/immunity) for The human immune system is able to additional readings about recognize and distinguish between protein the immune system and to (and some other) molecules that belong play The Immune System, an interactive game. to its owner’s body (self) and those ...
Treatment-dependent Loss of Polyfunctional CD8+ T
... setting is a matter of debate more so than the generally well tolerated ART. In particular, IS regimens including thymoglobulin (ATG), have been associated with an accelerated long-term CD4+ T-cell depletion and increased risk of non-opportunistic infections and may thus hamper overall clinical outc ...
... setting is a matter of debate more so than the generally well tolerated ART. In particular, IS regimens including thymoglobulin (ATG), have been associated with an accelerated long-term CD4+ T-cell depletion and increased risk of non-opportunistic infections and may thus hamper overall clinical outc ...
HIV DRUG RESISTANCE, CD4 AND VIRAL LOAD FACT SHEET
... viral load tests aren’t sensitive enough to detect the HIV in their blood. It’s sort of like a needle in a haystack—it’s there, but hard to find. HIV can’t be totally eliminated because it enters the genetic structure of many cells in a person’s body, including “reservoirs,” such as lymph nodes and ...
... viral load tests aren’t sensitive enough to detect the HIV in their blood. It’s sort of like a needle in a haystack—it’s there, but hard to find. HIV can’t be totally eliminated because it enters the genetic structure of many cells in a person’s body, including “reservoirs,” such as lymph nodes and ...
Acute effects of tobacco smoke on human
... noted that other particles, such as allergens or infectious agents, do not lead to selective recruitment of this DC subpopulation into human airways [17, 18]. Therefore, tobacco smoke appears to be a unique stimulus for mDC recruitment. It is remarkable that recruitment of mDCs into the airways coul ...
... noted that other particles, such as allergens or infectious agents, do not lead to selective recruitment of this DC subpopulation into human airways [17, 18]. Therefore, tobacco smoke appears to be a unique stimulus for mDC recruitment. It is remarkable that recruitment of mDCs into the airways coul ...
First Line of Defense in Early Human Life
... is very important for newborn infants at birth. Although there are many reports on neonatal neutrophilic activity, including immature adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis,32,33 little is presently known about the activity of bactericidal peptides of these cells in neonates. However, a 55-kDa prot ...
... is very important for newborn infants at birth. Although there are many reports on neonatal neutrophilic activity, including immature adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis,32,33 little is presently known about the activity of bactericidal peptides of these cells in neonates. However, a 55-kDa prot ...
Phagocytosis, a cellular immune response in insects
... targets: microorganisms and “altered self” particles, represented by apoptotic cells. Ingestion of apoptotic cells is important during tissue remodeling and embryogenesis when excess cells undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) and removal (Hopkinson-Woolley et al., 1994). In insects, phagocytosi ...
... targets: microorganisms and “altered self” particles, represented by apoptotic cells. Ingestion of apoptotic cells is important during tissue remodeling and embryogenesis when excess cells undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) and removal (Hopkinson-Woolley et al., 1994). In insects, phagocytosi ...
Skeletal System
... key defense cells from lymphocytes But it also includes lymphoid tissue, and the lymphoid organs these include… – Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules in the small intestine, and appendix ...
... key defense cells from lymphocytes But it also includes lymphoid tissue, and the lymphoid organs these include… – Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules in the small intestine, and appendix ...
VacA`s Induction of VacA-Containing Vacuoles (VCVs) and Their
... toxicity, namely variations in the signal sequence (s1a-c, s2), the intermediate region (i1, i2), and the mid-region (m1, m2) [8]. From early on, varying disease probabilities have been linked to the different s and m regions of VacA. Thus, most effective immune regulatory effects and an association ...
... toxicity, namely variations in the signal sequence (s1a-c, s2), the intermediate region (i1, i2), and the mid-region (m1, m2) [8]. From early on, varying disease probabilities have been linked to the different s and m regions of VacA. Thus, most effective immune regulatory effects and an association ...
Nanoparticle surface charge impacts distribution, uptake and lymph
... Engineered nanoparticles have the potential to expand the breadth of pulmonary therapeutics, especially as respiratory vaccines. Notably, cationic nanoparticles have been demonstrated to produce superior local immune responses following pulmonary delivery; however, the cellular mechanisms of this in ...
... Engineered nanoparticles have the potential to expand the breadth of pulmonary therapeutics, especially as respiratory vaccines. Notably, cationic nanoparticles have been demonstrated to produce superior local immune responses following pulmonary delivery; however, the cellular mechanisms of this in ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.