T Cell Nitric Oxide Regulates BAFF Expression and
... Mac3hi; Ly6Clo MOs, CD11bintCD11c2Ly6Clo; Mphs, CD11b+CD11clo ...
... Mac3hi; Ly6Clo MOs, CD11bintCD11c2Ly6Clo; Mphs, CD11b+CD11clo ...
HMGB1-promoted and TLR2/4-dependent NK cell maturation and
... leukocyte antigen-DR [8] and osteopontin [9] in human BA. In animal studies, we have ...
... leukocyte antigen-DR [8] and osteopontin [9] in human BA. In animal studies, we have ...
Mucosal inflammation in idiopathic bronchiectasis: cellular and molecular mechanisms REVIEW
... recurrent or chronic airway inflammation and infection. The underlying aetiologies include autoimmune diseases, severe infections, genetic abnormalities and acquired disorders. The pathogenesis of bronchiectasis is poorly understood. Three distinct pathogenetic elements, namely infection, inflammati ...
... recurrent or chronic airway inflammation and infection. The underlying aetiologies include autoimmune diseases, severe infections, genetic abnormalities and acquired disorders. The pathogenesis of bronchiectasis is poorly understood. Three distinct pathogenetic elements, namely infection, inflammati ...
The role of senescent cells in ageing
... (V600E) is also DDR-independent and induces senescence through a metabolic mechanism involving upregulation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH; Fig. 1)23. Several other studies underscored that senescence is closely linked to profound metabolic changes24,25. Furthermore, various tumour sup ...
... (V600E) is also DDR-independent and induces senescence through a metabolic mechanism involving upregulation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH; Fig. 1)23. Several other studies underscored that senescence is closely linked to profound metabolic changes24,25. Furthermore, various tumour sup ...
Drosophila melanogasteras a model for human intestinal infection
... inflamed over a long period of time, increasing the risk of developing colorectal cancer (Garrett et al., 2010). Data from the National Institutes of Health indicate that 1 out of 500 people in the USA suffers from IBD. Thus, the substantial healthcare burden of intestinal cancer and IBD underscores ...
... inflamed over a long period of time, increasing the risk of developing colorectal cancer (Garrett et al., 2010). Data from the National Institutes of Health indicate that 1 out of 500 people in the USA suffers from IBD. Thus, the substantial healthcare burden of intestinal cancer and IBD underscores ...
Wellness Foods Based on the Health Benefits of Fruit: Gold Kiwifruit
... Fruits are excellent health foods and ingredients for functional foods. Plant & Food Research is developing new fresh and processed foods to promote gut health and immunity and protect from oxidative stress. The research involves testing using cell-based assays and animal models and validating healt ...
... Fruits are excellent health foods and ingredients for functional foods. Plant & Food Research is developing new fresh and processed foods to promote gut health and immunity and protect from oxidative stress. The research involves testing using cell-based assays and animal models and validating healt ...
ACTIVATION OF HUMAN NATURAL KILLER CELLS BY
... Thesis submitted to the University of London in fulfillment of the requirements ...
... Thesis submitted to the University of London in fulfillment of the requirements ...
The non-steroidal SEGRA, BAY1155975, in contrast to
... irreversible side-effects. Therefore, new glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands with should have potent anti-inflammatory efficacy but a reduced side-effect profile have been developed. Non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs) represent a new class of GR ligands with an impro ...
... irreversible side-effects. Therefore, new glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands with should have potent anti-inflammatory efficacy but a reduced side-effect profile have been developed. Non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs) represent a new class of GR ligands with an impro ...
T-Cell Subset Analysis of Lewis Lung Carcinoma
... H-2K restriction elements (H-2K bin1, H-2K a, and H-2K k) dem- mean expression of V~33 TCR on CD4- and CD8-positive Tonstrated a similar pattern of the T-cell heterogeneity induced lymphocytes in normal PBL of C57BL/6J mice averages 3% by the 3LL A9 tumor clone expressing the normal syngeneic (38), ...
... H-2K restriction elements (H-2K bin1, H-2K a, and H-2K k) dem- mean expression of V~33 TCR on CD4- and CD8-positive Tonstrated a similar pattern of the T-cell heterogeneity induced lymphocytes in normal PBL of C57BL/6J mice averages 3% by the 3LL A9 tumor clone expressing the normal syngeneic (38), ...
View PDF - OMICS Group
... increase the efficacy of immune defence induction [3,8]. This replicative nature can mimic the situation with replicating pathogens, whereby antigen can be directed into both MHC Class I and MHC Class II presentation pathways, thus promoting humoral and CMI defences. These characteristics are also i ...
... increase the efficacy of immune defence induction [3,8]. This replicative nature can mimic the situation with replicating pathogens, whereby antigen can be directed into both MHC Class I and MHC Class II presentation pathways, thus promoting humoral and CMI defences. These characteristics are also i ...
Lipid rafts facilitate LPS responses - Journal of Cell Science
... al., 1994). Pugin et al. have previously demonstrated that GPIanchored CD14 is mostly localised in the Triton X-100insoluble fraction of the plasma membrane, which is characteristic of microdomains (Pugin et al., 1998). Since CD14 is found in such microdomains on the cell surface, it is probable tha ...
... al., 1994). Pugin et al. have previously demonstrated that GPIanchored CD14 is mostly localised in the Triton X-100insoluble fraction of the plasma membrane, which is characteristic of microdomains (Pugin et al., 1998). Since CD14 is found in such microdomains on the cell surface, it is probable tha ...
What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with Their
... the virus must replicate in target cells, then disseminate from the lung to other organs, and then must be shed. It is of interest to evaluate whether or not differences can be found in the way each hantavirus species infects its main target cell. Viral envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, play an imp ...
... the virus must replicate in target cells, then disseminate from the lung to other organs, and then must be shed. It is of interest to evaluate whether or not differences can be found in the way each hantavirus species infects its main target cell. Viral envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, play an imp ...
this PDF file - Smart Science Technology
... myeloid precursor, give rise to macrophages [2-3]. When circulating monocytes infiltrate tissues they get transformed into macrophages. The tissue macrophages not only eliminate encountered pathogens through phagocytosis but also process and present the foreign antigens via MHC molecules to lymphocy ...
... myeloid precursor, give rise to macrophages [2-3]. When circulating monocytes infiltrate tissues they get transformed into macrophages. The tissue macrophages not only eliminate encountered pathogens through phagocytosis but also process and present the foreign antigens via MHC molecules to lymphocy ...
Biological Activities of Complement
... Perlmann & Holm, 1969); the efficiency in some cases can be greatly increased by added target-cell bound complement (Perlmann et al., 1969; Lustig & Bianco, 1976; Rouse et al., 1977). This probably results from increased binding of the complex to the effector cell (Eden et al., 1973a; Theofilopoulos ...
... Perlmann & Holm, 1969); the efficiency in some cases can be greatly increased by added target-cell bound complement (Perlmann et al., 1969; Lustig & Bianco, 1976; Rouse et al., 1977). This probably results from increased binding of the complex to the effector cell (Eden et al., 1973a; Theofilopoulos ...
Early Life Microbiota, Neonatal Immune Maturation and
... the importance of the intestinal microbiota in balancing immune responses and intestinal homeostasis. Several immune related diseases have been linked to alterations in the bacterial communities at the mucosal surfaces, and during the past decades the adult human microbiota has been extensively stud ...
... the importance of the intestinal microbiota in balancing immune responses and intestinal homeostasis. Several immune related diseases have been linked to alterations in the bacterial communities at the mucosal surfaces, and during the past decades the adult human microbiota has been extensively stud ...
tuberculosis Mycobacterium Early Infection with Dynamic Roles of
... immune responses to intracellular bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. The absolute requirement for IFN-g in the immune control of TB is well established in animal models (3) and humans (4). IFNg–dependent protection is commonly believed to act through increasing the mycobactericidal activity of mac ...
... immune responses to intracellular bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. The absolute requirement for IFN-g in the immune control of TB is well established in animal models (3) and humans (4). IFNg–dependent protection is commonly believed to act through increasing the mycobactericidal activity of mac ...
study of the human humoral immune response against rotavirus
... their association with serological memory –defined as the persistence of Abs levels in the absence of the antigen [30]– is also important to identify valuable correlates of protection for vaccines [31, 32]. The mechanisms that lead to the maintenance of serological memory in healthy individuals are ...
... their association with serological memory –defined as the persistence of Abs levels in the absence of the antigen [30]– is also important to identify valuable correlates of protection for vaccines [31, 32]. The mechanisms that lead to the maintenance of serological memory in healthy individuals are ...
The level of monocyte turnover predicts disease progression in the
... may also be negatively affected by HIV infection. The presence of certain opportunistic infections in AIDS such as Pneumocystis carinii (P carinii) and Cryptococcus neoformans is supportive of such a hypothesis. Both of these agents are present in the environment, and humans are continuously exposed ...
... may also be negatively affected by HIV infection. The presence of certain opportunistic infections in AIDS such as Pneumocystis carinii (P carinii) and Cryptococcus neoformans is supportive of such a hypothesis. Both of these agents are present in the environment, and humans are continuously exposed ...
Agglutination Reactions
... Clinical application: The agglutinin (specific Abs) titer of an antiserum can be used to diagnose a bacterial infection. Example: Patients with typhoid fever, for example, show a rise in the agglutination titer with Salmonella typhi bacteria. Agglutination reactions also provide a way to type bacter ...
... Clinical application: The agglutinin (specific Abs) titer of an antiserum can be used to diagnose a bacterial infection. Example: Patients with typhoid fever, for example, show a rise in the agglutination titer with Salmonella typhi bacteria. Agglutination reactions also provide a way to type bacter ...
Autoimmune Diseases - The Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of
... commonly accepted precept; the damage was done. The time it took the scientific community to fully accept the growing reality of autoimmunity has delayed the translation of its findings into medical knowledge, with grave implications in current epidemiological diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. ...
... commonly accepted precept; the damage was done. The time it took the scientific community to fully accept the growing reality of autoimmunity has delayed the translation of its findings into medical knowledge, with grave implications in current epidemiological diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. ...
Inflammation, Immune Activation, and HIV
... signaling chemicals and this list is by no means complete. Some of these chemicals build up in the bloodstream and can be measured in laboratory tests as biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, or endothelial dysfunction. Biomarkers may not play a direct causal role in these processes, but their pr ...
... signaling chemicals and this list is by no means complete. Some of these chemicals build up in the bloodstream and can be measured in laboratory tests as biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, or endothelial dysfunction. Biomarkers may not play a direct causal role in these processes, but their pr ...
Extracellular milieu grossly alters pathogen
... belated and much weaker [6–12]. Pathogen-specific differentiated induction of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) factor complex [13] in the pbMEC was identified as a major cause for these qualitative and quantitative differences in the immune response. Challeng ...
... belated and much weaker [6–12]. Pathogen-specific differentiated induction of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) factor complex [13] in the pbMEC was identified as a major cause for these qualitative and quantitative differences in the immune response. Challeng ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.