A Study of the Ebola Virus Glycoprotein
... The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the family, Filoviridae, and is the etiological agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). This disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans and non-human primates, with human fatality rates reaching 90% during outbreaks of the Zaire subtype. Curren ...
... The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the family, Filoviridae, and is the etiological agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). This disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans and non-human primates, with human fatality rates reaching 90% during outbreaks of the Zaire subtype. Curren ...
In vitro characterisation and expansion of human regulatory T cells
... results are excellent, with patient survival rates greater than 90% one year after surgery, but there are several problems with the long term acceptance and the use of immunosuppressive drugs causing infections, organ failure and cancer. Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation (HSCT) is an establis ...
... results are excellent, with patient survival rates greater than 90% one year after surgery, but there are several problems with the long term acceptance and the use of immunosuppressive drugs causing infections, organ failure and cancer. Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation (HSCT) is an establis ...
Epitope Masking in a Murine Model Independently from Red Cell
... fetal red cells. Much of our information on how anti-D may prevent immunization to D+ RBCs has come from seminal studies dating back to the 1960s on human male D2 volunteers immunized with D+ RBCs. In many of these studies and others that have followed, it was noticed that the dose of anti-D that ca ...
... fetal red cells. Much of our information on how anti-D may prevent immunization to D+ RBCs has come from seminal studies dating back to the 1960s on human male D2 volunteers immunized with D+ RBCs. In many of these studies and others that have followed, it was noticed that the dose of anti-D that ca ...
Distinct cytokine profiles define clinical immune response to
... such as TNF, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-1β have been found to be elevated during severe malaria, and are also related to severe disease manifestations [7-11]. At low levels, TNF produced by activated macrophages and the Th1 subset of primed CD4+- T-cells, initiates the pyrogenic response to malaria infectio ...
... such as TNF, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-1β have been found to be elevated during severe malaria, and are also related to severe disease manifestations [7-11]. At low levels, TNF produced by activated macrophages and the Th1 subset of primed CD4+- T-cells, initiates the pyrogenic response to malaria infectio ...
Modern affinity reagents: Recombinant antibodies and aptamers
... line of antibody-producing cells) antibodies are used in research. Monoclonal antibodies are defined by their capacity to selectively bind a single antigen. 1.2. Historical methods of monoclonal antibody discovery and production Monoclonal antibodies are generated using either animal or recombinant D ...
... line of antibody-producing cells) antibodies are used in research. Monoclonal antibodies are defined by their capacity to selectively bind a single antigen. 1.2. Historical methods of monoclonal antibody discovery and production Monoclonal antibodies are generated using either animal or recombinant D ...
Mucosal IL-17 immunity in disease 12112012
... T cells are CD4 lymphocytes participating in cell-mediated immunity, and play a critical role in immune-mediated diseases. T cells divide further into subclasses such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 that participate in mucosal immunity responses caused by extracellular pathogens and also play a role in autoim ...
... T cells are CD4 lymphocytes participating in cell-mediated immunity, and play a critical role in immune-mediated diseases. T cells divide further into subclasses such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 that participate in mucosal immunity responses caused by extracellular pathogens and also play a role in autoim ...
ON VACCINES AND IMMUNISATION
... bacteria, either killed or inactivated (weakened). It is used to induce our body’s immune system to develop protective immunity against specific diseases. Today, most vaccines are in combinations to ease the administration process. Combination vaccines are multiple vaccines combined into a single in ...
... bacteria, either killed or inactivated (weakened). It is used to induce our body’s immune system to develop protective immunity against specific diseases. Today, most vaccines are in combinations to ease the administration process. Combination vaccines are multiple vaccines combined into a single in ...
Role and regulation of interleukin-1 molecules in pro-asthmatic
... antagonist (IL-1ra) is another mechanism by which IL-1 activity can be inhibited. IL-1ra has been shown to bind to IL-1RI with an affinity approximating IL-1a and IL-1b, but does not induce signal transduction [18]. IL-1ra pre-treatment has also been shown to significantly reduce IL-1-mediated infla ...
... antagonist (IL-1ra) is another mechanism by which IL-1 activity can be inhibited. IL-1ra has been shown to bind to IL-1RI with an affinity approximating IL-1a and IL-1b, but does not induce signal transduction [18]. IL-1ra pre-treatment has also been shown to significantly reduce IL-1-mediated infla ...
Salp15 Binding to DC-SIGN Inhibits Cytokine Expression by Impairing both Nucleosome
... remodeling and mRNA stabilization. PLoS Pathog 4(2): e31. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040031 ...
... remodeling and mRNA stabilization. PLoS Pathog 4(2): e31. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040031 ...
Mucosal Vaccines: Where Do We Stand?
... Mucosal vaccination has to take into account the fact that the mucosal immune system differs from its systemic counterpart in several important respects. Mucosal tissues have specialized antigen sampling strategies [2], and specialized immune effector mechanisms such as secretory immunoglobulin A (s ...
... Mucosal vaccination has to take into account the fact that the mucosal immune system differs from its systemic counterpart in several important respects. Mucosal tissues have specialized antigen sampling strategies [2], and specialized immune effector mechanisms such as secretory immunoglobulin A (s ...
IL-2 regulates SEB induced toxic shock syndrome in BALB/c mice
... TSS is a superantigen-mediated disease. Superantigens are a group of proteins (S aureus toxins in the case of TSS) that are able to activate the immune system by bypassing certain steps in the usual antigen-mediated immune response sequence [1]. Superantigens are not processed within the antigen-pre ...
... TSS is a superantigen-mediated disease. Superantigens are a group of proteins (S aureus toxins in the case of TSS) that are able to activate the immune system by bypassing certain steps in the usual antigen-mediated immune response sequence [1]. Superantigens are not processed within the antigen-pre ...
Pathogenesis of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Infection
... results revealed that the presence of viral replication in alveolar areas was not only related to viral capacities, but also to the type of host immune response triggered by the infection. In the case of viral strains with similar viral capacities, the development of severe or mild disease depended ...
... results revealed that the presence of viral replication in alveolar areas was not only related to viral capacities, but also to the type of host immune response triggered by the infection. In the case of viral strains with similar viral capacities, the development of severe or mild disease depended ...
Allergic disease: the diagnosis of peanut allergy and the role of heat
... More often false positives responses are seen, as often sensitized patients do not have clinical allergic responses. A well performed DBPCFC tests the clinical reactivity and therefore is used as the gold standard for diagnosis of food allergy. ...
... More often false positives responses are seen, as often sensitized patients do not have clinical allergic responses. A well performed DBPCFC tests the clinical reactivity and therefore is used as the gold standard for diagnosis of food allergy. ...
Lymph Glands (lymphoglandulae)
... After initial maturation in the primary immune organs, "virgin" B and T lymphocytes are released into the peripheral blood and home to specific sites within the lymph node (and the other secondary organs), controlled by incompletely understood homing receptors. The sites of B cell homing include: 1. ...
... After initial maturation in the primary immune organs, "virgin" B and T lymphocytes are released into the peripheral blood and home to specific sites within the lymph node (and the other secondary organs), controlled by incompletely understood homing receptors. The sites of B cell homing include: 1. ...
Intestinal Dendritic Cells Specialize to Activate Transforming Growth
... and commensal bacteria that inhabit the gut.1 Regulatory processes must therefore prevent detrimental immune responses to these harmless antigens while still being able to mount protective responses against pathogens that enter the digestive tract. A breakdown in this tight regulation can lead to de ...
... and commensal bacteria that inhabit the gut.1 Regulatory processes must therefore prevent detrimental immune responses to these harmless antigens while still being able to mount protective responses against pathogens that enter the digestive tract. A breakdown in this tight regulation can lead to de ...
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)
... pathway, this MyD88/IRAK1/IRAK4/TRAF6 complex activates IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor 7), leading to the production of type I IFNs [10–13]. The production of type I IFNs is particularly important in TLR-elicited antiviral and antitumour responses because these cytokines activate transcription o ...
... pathway, this MyD88/IRAK1/IRAK4/TRAF6 complex activates IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor 7), leading to the production of type I IFNs [10–13]. The production of type I IFNs is particularly important in TLR-elicited antiviral and antitumour responses because these cytokines activate transcription o ...
Toxoplasma gondii effectors are master regulators of the
... motifs associated with groups of pathogens or non-infectious stimuli, for example cellular debris from dying cells, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. Pyroptosome: a large supramolecular complex composed of Pycard dimers that mediates inflammatory programmed cell death (pyropt ...
... motifs associated with groups of pathogens or non-infectious stimuli, for example cellular debris from dying cells, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. Pyroptosome: a large supramolecular complex composed of Pycard dimers that mediates inflammatory programmed cell death (pyropt ...
Hypersensitivity
... Animation: Antibodies react with epitopes on the host cell membrane and NK cells bind to the Fc of the antibodies. The NK cells then lyse the cell with pore-forming perforins and cytotoxic granzymes Immunreaktionen der Haut ...
... Animation: Antibodies react with epitopes on the host cell membrane and NK cells bind to the Fc of the antibodies. The NK cells then lyse the cell with pore-forming perforins and cytotoxic granzymes Immunreaktionen der Haut ...
Reviews EVects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines
... inhibitors may in principle influence exercise associated changes in immune function.32 Glutamine It has been established that glutamine is an important fuel for lymphocytes and macrophages. Several lines of evidence suggest that it is used at a very high rate by these cells, even when they are quie ...
... inhibitors may in principle influence exercise associated changes in immune function.32 Glutamine It has been established that glutamine is an important fuel for lymphocytes and macrophages. Several lines of evidence suggest that it is used at a very high rate by these cells, even when they are quie ...
The functional network of ion channels in T lymphocytes
... insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie cellular activation. In particular, ion channels entered the immunological realm some 25 years ago when it became possible to record electrical signals from single cells of the immune system. In T cells, we have characterized five types o ...
... insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie cellular activation. In particular, ion channels entered the immunological realm some 25 years ago when it became possible to record electrical signals from single cells of the immune system. In T cells, we have characterized five types o ...
The ST2/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases
... the ST2 promoter, enhancing ST2 on the surface of both Th2 cells (56, 57) and Tregs (41, 57). IL-33 has been shown to drive NF-κB and p38 signaling in Tregs, leading to the selective expansion of ST2+ Tregs (58). As this effect is observed in Tregs in a nondiseased setting, independent of outside in ...
... the ST2 promoter, enhancing ST2 on the surface of both Th2 cells (56, 57) and Tregs (41, 57). IL-33 has been shown to drive NF-κB and p38 signaling in Tregs, leading to the selective expansion of ST2+ Tregs (58). As this effect is observed in Tregs in a nondiseased setting, independent of outside in ...
Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease
... the small genomes of some RNA viruses to about 10−11 for larger genomes. Although mutations occur rarely at any particular site during replication, large populations generate significant numbers of mutations in each generation. Some parasites focus hypermutation directly on antigenic loci. Other para ...
... the small genomes of some RNA viruses to about 10−11 for larger genomes. Although mutations occur rarely at any particular site during replication, large populations generate significant numbers of mutations in each generation. Some parasites focus hypermutation directly on antigenic loci. Other para ...
Regulatory T Cells: Mechanisms of Differentiation and Function
... A hallmark of the adaptive immune system is the generation of diverse immune receptors for the anticipated encounter with rapidly evolving pathogens. This powerful strategy for host defense brings considerable challenges, however. Because T cell receptors (TCRs) are selected by highly diverse endoge ...
... A hallmark of the adaptive immune system is the generation of diverse immune receptors for the anticipated encounter with rapidly evolving pathogens. This powerful strategy for host defense brings considerable challenges, however. Because T cell receptors (TCRs) are selected by highly diverse endoge ...
No Slide Title
... Many EBV isolates from these areas have mutated this peptide so that it can not bind to HLA-A11 MHC molecules Evolution of the MHC to eliminate pathogens In west Africa where malaria is endemic HLA-B53 is commonly associated with recovery from a potentially lethal form of malar ...
... Many EBV isolates from these areas have mutated this peptide so that it can not bind to HLA-A11 MHC molecules Evolution of the MHC to eliminate pathogens In west Africa where malaria is endemic HLA-B53 is commonly associated with recovery from a potentially lethal form of malar ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.