Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and
... environment experienced by mothers. For example, if maternal exposure to a particular pathogen induces antibody production in the mother, the antibodies are transmitted to her offspring, and those offspring mount a more efficient antibody response when challenged with the same pathogen, this could b ...
... environment experienced by mothers. For example, if maternal exposure to a particular pathogen induces antibody production in the mother, the antibodies are transmitted to her offspring, and those offspring mount a more efficient antibody response when challenged with the same pathogen, this could b ...
A - Personal.psu.edu
... the scientific community due to its ramifications on human health. The disease caused by B. pertussis, whooping cough, is an acute, severe coughing illness that can progress to become spasmodic. Extreme cases may lead to regurgitation, convulsions, collapse, coma, and death (3). A closely related me ...
... the scientific community due to its ramifications on human health. The disease caused by B. pertussis, whooping cough, is an acute, severe coughing illness that can progress to become spasmodic. Extreme cases may lead to regurgitation, convulsions, collapse, coma, and death (3). A closely related me ...
clinical features of leprosy
... IMMUNOLOGY OF LEPROSY LEPROMIN TEST –INTRADERMAL INJECTION OF LEPROMIN , AN ANTIGENIC EXTRACT OF M.LEPRAE. NOT A DIAGNOSTIC TEST BUT USED FOR CLASSIFYING LEPROSY ON THE BASIS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE ...
... IMMUNOLOGY OF LEPROSY LEPROMIN TEST –INTRADERMAL INJECTION OF LEPROMIN , AN ANTIGENIC EXTRACT OF M.LEPRAE. NOT A DIAGNOSTIC TEST BUT USED FOR CLASSIFYING LEPROSY ON THE BASIS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE ...
Genetic analysis of innate immunity in resistance to
... into two major categories: superficial and invasive candidiasis, with the major differences between these classes being the type of immune response elicited and the nature of the ensuing pathology. Superficial candidiasis encompasses a range of infections, including thrush, chronic atrophic stomatit ...
... into two major categories: superficial and invasive candidiasis, with the major differences between these classes being the type of immune response elicited and the nature of the ensuing pathology. Superficial candidiasis encompasses a range of infections, including thrush, chronic atrophic stomatit ...
PROBING IMMUNE FUNCTION DURING AGING IN ADULT DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
... additive relationship was revealed, where lifespan extension was greater when coexpressed than when either gene was over-expressed at the same levels (Sun et al., 2004). In contrast to over expressing specific genes, knocking out genes has also provided support for the free radical theory of aging. ...
... additive relationship was revealed, where lifespan extension was greater when coexpressed than when either gene was over-expressed at the same levels (Sun et al., 2004). In contrast to over expressing specific genes, knocking out genes has also provided support for the free radical theory of aging. ...
Modulation of AAV vector dosing and avoidance of capsid immune
... • Gene therapy in pediatric patients may require vector readministration • Vector re-dosing may be necessary to achieve full therapeutic efficacy ...
... • Gene therapy in pediatric patients may require vector readministration • Vector re-dosing may be necessary to achieve full therapeutic efficacy ...
Vaginal microbiota and its role in HIV transmission and infection
... The lower FRT, that is, the vaginal canal and the ectocervix, contains Type II mucosae. They are characterized by multiple layers of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in which the surface cells are flattened, and the deeper cells are columnar and attached to a basal membrane (Robboy & Be ...
... The lower FRT, that is, the vaginal canal and the ectocervix, contains Type II mucosae. They are characterized by multiple layers of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in which the surface cells are flattened, and the deeper cells are columnar and attached to a basal membrane (Robboy & Be ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... required for WASP and N-WASP activation. Inhibition of Btk activity by a point mutation or a specific inhibitor prevents BCR-induced increases in PtdIns-4,5-P2 as well as in phosphorylated WASP, N-WASP and Vav. Furthermore, Btk deficiency or inhibition leads to a severe reduction in BCR-mediated an ...
... required for WASP and N-WASP activation. Inhibition of Btk activity by a point mutation or a specific inhibitor prevents BCR-induced increases in PtdIns-4,5-P2 as well as in phosphorylated WASP, N-WASP and Vav. Furthermore, Btk deficiency or inhibition leads to a severe reduction in BCR-mediated an ...
Cnidarian-Microbe Interactions and the Origin of Innate Immunity in
... (17), induce the formation of gametes from germ line precursors. The asexual mode of reproduction by budding, which requires tissue consisting of stem cells with continuous self-renewal capacity, is also the reason behind Hydra’s remarkable immortality (6, 61, 71). For analytical purposes, Hydra is ...
... (17), induce the formation of gametes from germ line precursors. The asexual mode of reproduction by budding, which requires tissue consisting of stem cells with continuous self-renewal capacity, is also the reason behind Hydra’s remarkable immortality (6, 61, 71). For analytical purposes, Hydra is ...
Prevalence of Serum IgG and Neutralizing Factors Against
... Nathwani et al., 2007; Toromanoff et al., 2008; Yue et al., 2008; Gregorevic et al., 2009). For many viruses, studies of the IgG subclasses that arise against viral antigens can provide insight into the nature and duration of the exposure or infection. IgG subclass responses were examined in serum s ...
... Nathwani et al., 2007; Toromanoff et al., 2008; Yue et al., 2008; Gregorevic et al., 2009). For many viruses, studies of the IgG subclasses that arise against viral antigens can provide insight into the nature and duration of the exposure or infection. IgG subclass responses were examined in serum s ...
Cells Intestinal Lamina Propria as Regulatory T Cells in Human
... suppression by regulatory T cells plays an important role in the normal intestinal homeostasis, but also its dysregulation leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we demonstrate that the CD4ⴙCD25bright T cells reside in the human intestinal lamina propria (LP) and func ...
... suppression by regulatory T cells plays an important role in the normal intestinal homeostasis, but also its dysregulation leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we demonstrate that the CD4ⴙCD25bright T cells reside in the human intestinal lamina propria (LP) and func ...
(2016) Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite
... to asthma and allergy,1,2 but the dramatic increase in the prevalence of these conditions in westernized countries in the past halfcentury suggests that the environment also plays a critical role.3 The importance of environmental exposures in the development of asthma is most exquisitely illustrated ...
... to asthma and allergy,1,2 but the dramatic increase in the prevalence of these conditions in westernized countries in the past halfcentury suggests that the environment also plays a critical role.3 The importance of environmental exposures in the development of asthma is most exquisitely illustrated ...
Anti-inflammatory properties of peptides derived Ornithodoros savignyi
... Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when oxidative stress and inflammatory responses associated with the pathogenesis of infection are not contained at a local site and spread throughout the body via the circulatory or lymphatic system (Madigan, et al., 2003). Septic shock has a high ...
... Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when oxidative stress and inflammatory responses associated with the pathogenesis of infection are not contained at a local site and spread throughout the body via the circulatory or lymphatic system (Madigan, et al., 2003). Septic shock has a high ...
Axonal Transport of Monoclonal Antibodies
... of axonally transported materials. The goal of the current study was to produce monoclonal antibodies to neuronal membrane components and to evaluate the ability of these antibodies to be taken up and axonally transported in vivo. Somatic cell hybridization methods were used to generate monoclonal a ...
... of axonally transported materials. The goal of the current study was to produce monoclonal antibodies to neuronal membrane components and to evaluate the ability of these antibodies to be taken up and axonally transported in vivo. Somatic cell hybridization methods were used to generate monoclonal a ...
Cross-Clade Protective Immune Responses to Influenza Viruses
... To meet the demand for pandemic influenza preparedness and surge capacity following a newly identified pandemic influenza outbreak, our research group has developed a non-infectious influenza virus-like particle (VLP) platform for emerging isolates with pandemic potential [14]. These influenza VLP v ...
... To meet the demand for pandemic influenza preparedness and surge capacity following a newly identified pandemic influenza outbreak, our research group has developed a non-infectious influenza virus-like particle (VLP) platform for emerging isolates with pandemic potential [14]. These influenza VLP v ...
Dissociating Siv Env And Cd4: Consequenes For Virus And Host
... help they provide in establishing robust CD8+ T cell and B cell responses (reviewed in (3, 4)). Thus, in almost every case of HIV-1 infection, the immune system is disabled and incapable of producing a controlling adaptive response. Additionally, disruption of T cell homeostasis is disrupted and th ...
... help they provide in establishing robust CD8+ T cell and B cell responses (reviewed in (3, 4)). Thus, in almost every case of HIV-1 infection, the immune system is disabled and incapable of producing a controlling adaptive response. Additionally, disruption of T cell homeostasis is disrupted and th ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... in almost all of Africa, India, and in parts of Eastern Europe [3]. Tuberculosis typically manifests itself as a pulmonary disease and is transmitted via the aerosol route. Once in the lungs, Mtb is taken up by alveolar macrophages, and/or phagocytic white blood cells, in which the bacteria can surv ...
... in almost all of Africa, India, and in parts of Eastern Europe [3]. Tuberculosis typically manifests itself as a pulmonary disease and is transmitted via the aerosol route. Once in the lungs, Mtb is taken up by alveolar macrophages, and/or phagocytic white blood cells, in which the bacteria can surv ...
Expression of Dengue virus envelope glycoproteins using a
... infect the lymphatic cells that are present in the subepithelial tissues. Epidermal dendritic cells, known as Langerhans cells, are the main targets of infection; these immature dendritic cells have a great phagocytic capacity. DENV infection induces maturation/migration of these cells. The infectio ...
... infect the lymphatic cells that are present in the subepithelial tissues. Epidermal dendritic cells, known as Langerhans cells, are the main targets of infection; these immature dendritic cells have a great phagocytic capacity. DENV infection induces maturation/migration of these cells. The infectio ...
Tissue-Expressed B7x Affects the Immune Response to and and
... B7x-deficient, but not B7-H3–deficient, mice are significantly more resistant to lethal pulmonary infection with S. pneumoniae Based on our data showing that B7x was expressed in the lungs (Fig. 1E), we examined the outcome of pulmonary infection with S. pneumoniae in B7x2/2 mice. We performed a dos ...
... B7x-deficient, but not B7-H3–deficient, mice are significantly more resistant to lethal pulmonary infection with S. pneumoniae Based on our data showing that B7x was expressed in the lungs (Fig. 1E), we examined the outcome of pulmonary infection with S. pneumoniae in B7x2/2 mice. We performed a dos ...
24. Lymphatic System
... Among the types of lymphatic cells are macrophages, some epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Macrophages (mak ́rō-faj; macros = large, phago = to eat) are monocytes that have migrated into the lymphatic system from the bloodstream; they are responsible for phagocytosis of foreign s ...
... Among the types of lymphatic cells are macrophages, some epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Macrophages (mak ́rō-faj; macros = large, phago = to eat) are monocytes that have migrated into the lymphatic system from the bloodstream; they are responsible for phagocytosis of foreign s ...
Biological basis for the clinical use of interferon
... foreign cells (including tumour cells), bacteria, and viral antigens. They interact both with the interferon producing cells and other cells through production of effector proteins. There are three main types of interferons, known as (x, 1, and -y, which have direct antiviral and immunomodulatory ef ...
... foreign cells (including tumour cells), bacteria, and viral antigens. They interact both with the interferon producing cells and other cells through production of effector proteins. There are three main types of interferons, known as (x, 1, and -y, which have direct antiviral and immunomodulatory ef ...
... leading to raised fluid accumulation. In addition, bacterial cell wall-derived fragments may also induce expression of tissue factor on both endothelial cells [36] and mesothelial cells [30] that binds to factor VII on the cell surface to initiate the coagulation cascade [33]. As leucocytes begin to ...
ANEXO-8 Interleukin-2 activated natural killer cells may hav
... To study the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in Leishmania infection, peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes and incubated with interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated NK (A-NK) cells at different ratios of A-NK cells to infected macroph ...
... To study the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in Leishmania infection, peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes and incubated with interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated NK (A-NK) cells at different ratios of A-NK cells to infected macroph ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.