Theory and Practice of Immunocontraception in Wild Mammals
... duction of antibodies by activated B cells. If the sys- the larger antibody concentrations necessary to neutem is challenged later with the same antigen, then tralize great numbers of sperm (Dunbar et al. 1994). there is a quicker response. The booster response The ZP is exposed to antibodies in the ...
... duction of antibodies by activated B cells. If the sys- the larger antibody concentrations necessary to neutem is challenged later with the same antigen, then tralize great numbers of sperm (Dunbar et al. 1994). there is a quicker response. The booster response The ZP is exposed to antibodies in the ...
Reprint - Immune Tolerance Network
... Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are another crucial component of peripheral tolerance mechanisms (Brusko et al., 2008; Sakaguchi et al., 2008; Rudensky, 2011). Many types of Tregs have been described, including ‘natural Tregs’, which develop in the thymus, and ‘induced Tregs’, which arise in the peripher ...
... Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are another crucial component of peripheral tolerance mechanisms (Brusko et al., 2008; Sakaguchi et al., 2008; Rudensky, 2011). Many types of Tregs have been described, including ‘natural Tregs’, which develop in the thymus, and ‘induced Tregs’, which arise in the peripher ...
Stereotyped and specific gene expression programs in human innate immune responses to bacteria.
... defense against the daily threats posed by potential pathogens breaching epithelial barriers; many and perhaps most human cells respond to molecular signs of microbial invasion by initiating local defense mechanisms, and recruiting and activating the specialized cells of the immune system. A central ...
... defense against the daily threats posed by potential pathogens breaching epithelial barriers; many and perhaps most human cells respond to molecular signs of microbial invasion by initiating local defense mechanisms, and recruiting and activating the specialized cells of the immune system. A central ...
Evasive Mechanisms of Oral Microflora - e
... structures include-lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans and DNA. Recognition of these structures is dependent on genome-encoded host receptors that allow detection of non-self entities that can activate the host defense mechanisms. This innate recognition property can be avoided by steric-shielding o ...
... structures include-lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans and DNA. Recognition of these structures is dependent on genome-encoded host receptors that allow detection of non-self entities that can activate the host defense mechanisms. This innate recognition property can be avoided by steric-shielding o ...
Get - Wiley Online Library
... immune responses mediated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and in superior antitumour effects in vivo in cancer-bearing mice. Objectives The Ag-specific immune responses caused by intradermal (i.d.) injections of R9-PTD-containing protein Ags without DC preparation were investigated. We also investigated th ...
... immune responses mediated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and in superior antitumour effects in vivo in cancer-bearing mice. Objectives The Ag-specific immune responses caused by intradermal (i.d.) injections of R9-PTD-containing protein Ags without DC preparation were investigated. We also investigated th ...
Vaccine development strategies Plasmodium falciparum
... by activating the adaptive immune system. Adaptive responses are initiated by antigen uptake, processing and subsequent presentation of the antigenderived peptide, on cell-surface expressed class I and class II major histocompatibility molecules (MHC I and MHC II, respectively). MHC I molecules are ...
... by activating the adaptive immune system. Adaptive responses are initiated by antigen uptake, processing and subsequent presentation of the antigenderived peptide, on cell-surface expressed class I and class II major histocompatibility molecules (MHC I and MHC II, respectively). MHC I molecules are ...
Increased F-FDG uptake within the reticuloendothelial system in
... scanner (Allegro; Philips Medical Systems, Bothell WA). Emission scanning covered the neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and upper thighs. Images were acquired using 4 or 5 emission frames of 25.6cm length each with an overlap of 12.8cm, covering a total craniocaudal length of 64-76.8cm. Image reconstruc ...
... scanner (Allegro; Philips Medical Systems, Bothell WA). Emission scanning covered the neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and upper thighs. Images were acquired using 4 or 5 emission frames of 25.6cm length each with an overlap of 12.8cm, covering a total craniocaudal length of 64-76.8cm. Image reconstruc ...
antigen saturation, natural antibodies and a quantitative
... immune complexes forming from these antibodies are eliminated. Complement activation and FcR‐ mediated effector function properties of these antibody classes can be significantly different from those of natural antibodies (23–25). Increased affinity, mostly accompanied by decreased dissociation rat ...
... immune complexes forming from these antibodies are eliminated. Complement activation and FcR‐ mediated effector function properties of these antibody classes can be significantly different from those of natural antibodies (23–25). Increased affinity, mostly accompanied by decreased dissociation rat ...
The cutaneous citadel A holistic view of skin and immunity
... overlying epidermis. First, the tough mesenchymal matrix which comprises the dermis provides a strong foundation into which the epidermis is anchored. Second, the dermis is a highly vascularized compartment, and nutrients are free to diffuse through its matrix in order to reach the avascular epiderm ...
... overlying epidermis. First, the tough mesenchymal matrix which comprises the dermis provides a strong foundation into which the epidermis is anchored. Second, the dermis is a highly vascularized compartment, and nutrients are free to diffuse through its matrix in order to reach the avascular epiderm ...
Molecular and cellular analysis of immunity in the phytoplasma
... interactions with many other microorganisms, such as different kinds of symbionts. Recently, it has been suggested that immunocytes could play a role in the vectorial capacity of insects leading to an increased interest towards primary immunocyte cultures. We analysed at molecular and cellular level ...
... interactions with many other microorganisms, such as different kinds of symbionts. Recently, it has been suggested that immunocytes could play a role in the vectorial capacity of insects leading to an increased interest towards primary immunocyte cultures. We analysed at molecular and cellular level ...
Human Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase Bears the Yt" Blood Group
... 99.7% of blood donors, while the antithetical antigen Ytb occurs in only 8.1% of donors. Nevertheless, anti-Yta, made by the 0.3% of the population that is Yt(a-b+), is not rare and may have significant ability to destroy transfused homologous Yt(a+) red blood cells (RBCs). N o persons with Yt(a-b-) ...
... 99.7% of blood donors, while the antithetical antigen Ytb occurs in only 8.1% of donors. Nevertheless, anti-Yta, made by the 0.3% of the population that is Yt(a-b+), is not rare and may have significant ability to destroy transfused homologous Yt(a+) red blood cells (RBCs). N o persons with Yt(a-b-) ...
Immune cell migration in inflammation: present and future
... venules and other ligands on inflamed endothelial cells (not shown) as well as PSGL-1 on adherent and release of cytokines, chemokines and leukocytes (broken arrows). E-selectin can also interact with PSGL-1 and other sialyl-Lewis X–bearing ‘secretagogues’, which enhance venular permeglycoconjugates ...
... venules and other ligands on inflamed endothelial cells (not shown) as well as PSGL-1 on adherent and release of cytokines, chemokines and leukocytes (broken arrows). E-selectin can also interact with PSGL-1 and other sialyl-Lewis X–bearing ‘secretagogues’, which enhance venular permeglycoconjugates ...
Transcriptional networks controlling B cell germinal center activities
... vertebrate adaptive immune system. Following antigen encounter, B cells are activated, rapidly proliferate, and undergo two diversification events; somatic hypermutation (followed by selection), which enhances the affinity of the antibody for its cognate antigen, and class switch recombination, whic ...
... vertebrate adaptive immune system. Following antigen encounter, B cells are activated, rapidly proliferate, and undergo two diversification events; somatic hypermutation (followed by selection), which enhances the affinity of the antibody for its cognate antigen, and class switch recombination, whic ...
The Emerging Understanding of Myeloid Cells as Partners and
... difference. Molecular studies have proposed various candidates, including the expression of arginase I (Arg1), inducible nitric oxide synthase, ROS, and peroxynitrite, as the suppressor mechanisms utilized by these cells (14). Although the MDSC moniker was initially a useful paradigm for explaining ...
... difference. Molecular studies have proposed various candidates, including the expression of arginase I (Arg1), inducible nitric oxide synthase, ROS, and peroxynitrite, as the suppressor mechanisms utilized by these cells (14). Although the MDSC moniker was initially a useful paradigm for explaining ...
Understanding Immunity by Tracing Thymocyte Development
... AAI Curriculum Unit: Understanding Immunity By Tracing T-cell Development Appendix I: 50 Sets of 400 Randomly Generated Tri-Peptides 1. mdn yqf ntg hyy nhm ctq nff ege svs cef smi vhn syy tsq tps ink tlq tng nlv kgl aqc nqq rqy gsa ccw fsg grg lww vgs qll fmv tyy wdg iss slk ppr tgs eds yck tpw k ...
... AAI Curriculum Unit: Understanding Immunity By Tracing T-cell Development Appendix I: 50 Sets of 400 Randomly Generated Tri-Peptides 1. mdn yqf ntg hyy nhm ctq nff ege svs cef smi vhn syy tsq tps ink tlq tng nlv kgl aqc nqq rqy gsa ccw fsg grg lww vgs qll fmv tyy wdg iss slk ppr tgs eds yck tpw k ...
Short-Lived IFN-c Effector Responses, but Long-Lived IL
... ¤ Current address: MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London. ...
... ¤ Current address: MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London. ...
Is Obesity One of Physiological Factors which Exert Influenza Virus
... investigations indicated that obesity is connected to the severity of influenza, although there are some exceptions. Many studies using obese humans and animal models showed that immune response was impaired in the obese group, increasing susceptibility and severity of influenza virus. However, the ...
... investigations indicated that obesity is connected to the severity of influenza, although there are some exceptions. Many studies using obese humans and animal models showed that immune response was impaired in the obese group, increasing susceptibility and severity of influenza virus. However, the ...
Spleen
... endothelium filled with all types of blood cells, macrophages and plasma cells. See also: Lymphatic system; Lymphoid system In mammals, the spleen has three main functions: first, it represents a large mass of organized lymphatic tissue passed by recirculating lymphocytes, which are able to promptly e ...
... endothelium filled with all types of blood cells, macrophages and plasma cells. See also: Lymphatic system; Lymphoid system In mammals, the spleen has three main functions: first, it represents a large mass of organized lymphatic tissue passed by recirculating lymphocytes, which are able to promptly e ...
THE ROLE OF TLR-4 IN INTESTINAL HEALING Nectrotizing
... Unchecked inflammation can also lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis ...
... Unchecked inflammation can also lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis ...
obstructive sleep Apnea and the immune system
... nodes and spleen. B cells are in the bone marrow and are sleep apnea affects at least two percent to four percent of responsible for antibody response. Antibodies are a type of middle-aged adults in the general population.2 protein molecule known as an “immunoglobulin”; there are five classes of imm ...
... nodes and spleen. B cells are in the bone marrow and are sleep apnea affects at least two percent to four percent of responsible for antibody response. Antibodies are a type of middle-aged adults in the general population.2 protein molecule known as an “immunoglobulin”; there are five classes of imm ...
5 Clinical Experience with Medical Devices
... Fragments of the digested antigen then become bound to specialized molecules, human leucocyte antigen (HLA), which are then transported to the surface of the Blymphocyte and displayed on its surface. T-lymphocytes have immunologically specific receptors that recognize and bind to a complex of the di ...
... Fragments of the digested antigen then become bound to specialized molecules, human leucocyte antigen (HLA), which are then transported to the surface of the Blymphocyte and displayed on its surface. T-lymphocytes have immunologically specific receptors that recognize and bind to a complex of the di ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.