HIV Vaccines Overview
... Instead of using the whole organism or its parts, these vaccines uses the microbe’s genetic material! ...
... Instead of using the whole organism or its parts, these vaccines uses the microbe’s genetic material! ...
JS 1
... The adaptive part of the immune system consists of a class of white blood cells called lymphocytes, whose function is to detect pathogens and assist in their elimination. The surface of a lymphocyte is covered with a large number of identical receptors. On the surfaces of pathogens are epitopes. The ...
... The adaptive part of the immune system consists of a class of white blood cells called lymphocytes, whose function is to detect pathogens and assist in their elimination. The surface of a lymphocyte is covered with a large number of identical receptors. On the surfaces of pathogens are epitopes. The ...
The Immune System
... The Skin as a Barrier to Infection The skin is the largest organ of the vertebrate body, accounting for 15% of an adult human’s total weight. The skin not only defends the body by providing a nearly impenetrable barrier, but also reinforces this defense with chemical weapons on the surface. Oil and ...
... The Skin as a Barrier to Infection The skin is the largest organ of the vertebrate body, accounting for 15% of an adult human’s total weight. The skin not only defends the body by providing a nearly impenetrable barrier, but also reinforces this defense with chemical weapons on the surface. Oil and ...
The Treatment of Cancer - Advanced Medicine Seminars
... These are some of the substances that contribute to the cause of cancer (the spark) but they do not cause the destruction itself (fire). The NK cytotoxic activity of healthy subjects has been documented to be far greater than in patients with different immune disorders. It is a failure at this junct ...
... These are some of the substances that contribute to the cause of cancer (the spark) but they do not cause the destruction itself (fire). The NK cytotoxic activity of healthy subjects has been documented to be far greater than in patients with different immune disorders. It is a failure at this junct ...
Graft-versus-host Disease* Causes GVHD may occur after a bone
... GVHD may occur after a bone marrow or stem cell transplant in which someone receives bone marrow tissue or cells from a donor (called an allogeneic transplant). The new, transplanted cells regard the recipient's body as foreign. When this happens, the newly transplanted cells attack the recipient's ...
... GVHD may occur after a bone marrow or stem cell transplant in which someone receives bone marrow tissue or cells from a donor (called an allogeneic transplant). The new, transplanted cells regard the recipient's body as foreign. When this happens, the newly transplanted cells attack the recipient's ...
Evasion of innate immunity by parasitic protozoa
... Infectious stages of Leishmania do not merely avoid IL-12 inducMacrophages possess primary defense mechanisms—including activation of macrophage oxidative metabolism and synthesis and release of tion, they actively and selectively inhibit it, leaving other pro-inflamarachidonic acid metabolites—that ...
... Infectious stages of Leishmania do not merely avoid IL-12 inducMacrophages possess primary defense mechanisms—including activation of macrophage oxidative metabolism and synthesis and release of tion, they actively and selectively inhibit it, leaving other pro-inflamarachidonic acid metabolites—that ...
Vaccines
... micro-organism and the DNA of the other, immunity can be created against diseases that have complex infection processes • Naked DNA vaccination – in recent years a new type of vaccine called DNA vaccination, created from an infectious agent's DNA, has been developed. It works by insertion (and expre ...
... micro-organism and the DNA of the other, immunity can be created against diseases that have complex infection processes • Naked DNA vaccination – in recent years a new type of vaccine called DNA vaccination, created from an infectious agent's DNA, has been developed. It works by insertion (and expre ...
Course 19
... In the end, the immune defenses are overwhelmed, and the resulting profound state of immunosuppression leaves the patient open to unchecked infections by pathogens that normally would not be the slightest problem for a person with an intact immune system. Sadly, these "opportunistic" infections can ...
... In the end, the immune defenses are overwhelmed, and the resulting profound state of immunosuppression leaves the patient open to unchecked infections by pathogens that normally would not be the slightest problem for a person with an intact immune system. Sadly, these "opportunistic" infections can ...
Targeting of immune signalling networks by bacterial pathogens
... recognition and defence systems that enables their survival despite continuous interactions with both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. These defence systems include innate mechanisms, (for example, mucosal epithelial surface barriers, pattern recognition receptors, such as the Toll-like (TLR) ...
... recognition and defence systems that enables their survival despite continuous interactions with both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. These defence systems include innate mechanisms, (for example, mucosal epithelial surface barriers, pattern recognition receptors, such as the Toll-like (TLR) ...
A new vision of immunity: homeostasis of the superorganism
... Recently, it was suggested that pathogenic microbes are recognized by “patterns of pathogenesis”,9 or POPs. Rather than by its structure, a pathogen would be defined by its characteristic behavior. A first POP is growth, as pathogens are able to grow in their host upon invasion. A second POP is cyto ...
... Recently, it was suggested that pathogenic microbes are recognized by “patterns of pathogenesis”,9 or POPs. Rather than by its structure, a pathogen would be defined by its characteristic behavior. A first POP is growth, as pathogens are able to grow in their host upon invasion. A second POP is cyto ...
Addressing the Inflammatory Response to Clinically Relevant
... medical devices due to the pathophysiologies associated with long-term implants and blood-surface contacts. As detailed below, various therapeutic approaches to address the issues surrounding the device-associated inflammation have attempted to target the individual steps in the process. The strateg ...
... medical devices due to the pathophysiologies associated with long-term implants and blood-surface contacts. As detailed below, various therapeutic approaches to address the issues surrounding the device-associated inflammation have attempted to target the individual steps in the process. The strateg ...
functions occur only through constant mutualism with the INTRODUCTION
... biodiversity can be strongly altered and damaged through ingestion of drugs (e.g., antibiotics, vaccines), during clinical treatments, by improving sanitation, by food composition, and by other environmental factors. Limited contact with microorganisms from the external environment defines what has ...
... biodiversity can be strongly altered and damaged through ingestion of drugs (e.g., antibiotics, vaccines), during clinical treatments, by improving sanitation, by food composition, and by other environmental factors. Limited contact with microorganisms from the external environment defines what has ...
NLRC5 regulates MHC class I antigen presentation in host defense
... lated the expression of the genes involved in MHC class I antigen presentation during LM infection (Figure 1C), we examined CD8+ T cells at day 7 after the pathogen infection, at which time an adaptive immune response should have developed. Indeed, the percentage of CD8+ T cells was dramatically red ...
... lated the expression of the genes involved in MHC class I antigen presentation during LM infection (Figure 1C), we examined CD8+ T cells at day 7 after the pathogen infection, at which time an adaptive immune response should have developed. Indeed, the percentage of CD8+ T cells was dramatically red ...
Immunoglobulins on the Surface of Lymphocytes
... cells from these patients had a restricted distribution of immunoglobulins on their surface since in contrast with the findings with normal blood in which all of the major Ig classes were represented, only one heavychain class and one light-chain type were seen on the cells of an individual patient ...
... cells from these patients had a restricted distribution of immunoglobulins on their surface since in contrast with the findings with normal blood in which all of the major Ig classes were represented, only one heavychain class and one light-chain type were seen on the cells of an individual patient ...
Stimulation of TLRs by LMW-HA induces self-defense
... Given the observed increase in antimicrobial peptides transcription induced by LMW-HA treatment in human vaginal epithelial cells, we aimed to evaluate the intrinsic antimicrobial activity in protein extracts of cells treated with LMW-HA. Therefore, we prepared protein extracts (in 0.01% acetic acid ...
... Given the observed increase in antimicrobial peptides transcription induced by LMW-HA treatment in human vaginal epithelial cells, we aimed to evaluate the intrinsic antimicrobial activity in protein extracts of cells treated with LMW-HA. Therefore, we prepared protein extracts (in 0.01% acetic acid ...
How mast cells make decisions
... direct functions in tissues, including the degradation of potentially harmful endogenous proteins, such as VIP (16) and endothelin 1 (17), and exogenous substances, such as venoms (18–20), as well as degradation of signaling molecules, like SP (21); therefore, a rapid, quickly resolved release of pr ...
... direct functions in tissues, including the degradation of potentially harmful endogenous proteins, such as VIP (16) and endothelin 1 (17), and exogenous substances, such as venoms (18–20), as well as degradation of signaling molecules, like SP (21); therefore, a rapid, quickly resolved release of pr ...
B cells – ontogenesis and immune memory development
... B cell must receive at least two signals for its activation. Thymus-independent (TI) antigens (Ag), which have many microbial constituents, activate B cells and can induce antibody production in the absence of helper T-cells. The first signal required for B cell activation is delivered through its an ...
... B cell must receive at least two signals for its activation. Thymus-independent (TI) antigens (Ag), which have many microbial constituents, activate B cells and can induce antibody production in the absence of helper T-cells. The first signal required for B cell activation is delivered through its an ...
Raulet, D.H. 2004. Interplay of natural killer cells and their receptors with the adaptive immune response. Nat Rev Immunol 5:996-1002.
... genes for many other immunoglobulin-related NK receptors, whereas the NKp44 and NKp30 genes are in the human MHC4. All three receptors are associated in the membrane with ITAM-containing signaling adapter molecules4. Receptor engagement is generally sufficient to fully activate the NK cell. Antibody ...
... genes for many other immunoglobulin-related NK receptors, whereas the NKp44 and NKp30 genes are in the human MHC4. All three receptors are associated in the membrane with ITAM-containing signaling adapter molecules4. Receptor engagement is generally sufficient to fully activate the NK cell. Antibody ...
Regulation of type 2 immunity to helminths by mast cells
... Mast cells (MCs) are a potent arm of the innate immune system and can be found in barrier tissues throughout the body. MCs are induced by cytokines such as stem cell factor (SCF), IL-3, IL-4 and IL-9 and accumulate in the inflamed tissue. In response to a wide range of infections MCs rapidly release ...
... Mast cells (MCs) are a potent arm of the innate immune system and can be found in barrier tissues throughout the body. MCs are induced by cytokines such as stem cell factor (SCF), IL-3, IL-4 and IL-9 and accumulate in the inflamed tissue. In response to a wide range of infections MCs rapidly release ...
Review The mechanism of action of tofacitinib
... and transform the synovial membrane into an inflammatory tissue capable of invading and destroying adjacent cartilage and bone (3, 4). Cytokines: regulators of immune and inflammatory responses Numerous cytokines, involved in both innate and adaptive immunity, are implicated in the pathogenesis of R ...
... and transform the synovial membrane into an inflammatory tissue capable of invading and destroying adjacent cartilage and bone (3, 4). Cytokines: regulators of immune and inflammatory responses Numerous cytokines, involved in both innate and adaptive immunity, are implicated in the pathogenesis of R ...
Dissecting the human immunologic memory for pathogens
... Memory B cells recirculate in secondary lymphoid organs and appear to be slowly dividing (24). A specific survival cytokine, however, has not been defined yet. Human memory B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in vitro in the absence of antigen in response to polyclonal stimuli su ...
... Memory B cells recirculate in secondary lymphoid organs and appear to be slowly dividing (24). A specific survival cytokine, however, has not been defined yet. Human memory B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in vitro in the absence of antigen in response to polyclonal stimuli su ...
Allergy
... 1. B-lymphocyte dependent ("humoral" immunoglobulin). The group of B-lymphocyte dependent include such forms of allergy in the mechanisms that play a leading role produced by Blymphocytes circulating in body fluids humoral antibodies belonging to different classes of immunoglobulins. Depending on th ...
... 1. B-lymphocyte dependent ("humoral" immunoglobulin). The group of B-lymphocyte dependent include such forms of allergy in the mechanisms that play a leading role produced by Blymphocytes circulating in body fluids humoral antibodies belonging to different classes of immunoglobulins. Depending on th ...
past, present and future - British Society for Immunology
... knew about the immune system when the BSI was first established. In my own lifetime, the era of animal experimentation has been fundamental in informing us about how the immune system operates. However, ultimately we have to perform experimental studies in humans to test these ideas and to develop t ...
... knew about the immune system when the BSI was first established. In my own lifetime, the era of animal experimentation has been fundamental in informing us about how the immune system operates. However, ultimately we have to perform experimental studies in humans to test these ideas and to develop t ...
Theory and Practice of Immunocontraception in Wild Mammals
... duction of antibodies by activated B cells. If the sys- the larger antibody concentrations necessary to neutem is challenged later with the same antigen, then tralize great numbers of sperm (Dunbar et al. 1994). there is a quicker response. The booster response The ZP is exposed to antibodies in the ...
... duction of antibodies by activated B cells. If the sys- the larger antibody concentrations necessary to neutem is challenged later with the same antigen, then tralize great numbers of sperm (Dunbar et al. 1994). there is a quicker response. The booster response The ZP is exposed to antibodies in the ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.