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Apresentação do PowerPoint
Apresentação do PowerPoint

... chemical stimuli – chemotaxis; positive and negative light stimuli – phototaxis ...
Immune Responses to HIV
Immune Responses to HIV

... • The virus can infect members of the innate immune system • Innate cells can act as depot and effectively transmit virus • Inhibition of function via viral factor release and/or improper immune signals ...
Chapter 16 Active Lecture Questions
Chapter 16 Active Lecture Questions

... in the human organ in which it lives. This chemical defense is a. b. c. d. e. ...
Immune Responses to HIV
Immune Responses to HIV

... • The virus can infect members of the innate immune system • Innate cells can act as depot and effectively transmit virus • Inhibition of function via viral factor release and/or improper immune signals ...
Effector Mechanisms of Cell
Effector Mechanisms of Cell

... tumorigenesis and immune responses. The integrin supergene family consists of a number of cell surface ab heterodimers. The a and b chains are type I transmembrane glycoproteins with a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain, a short cytoplasmic tail, and an extracellular domain that associates nonc ...
Set 6
Set 6

... b. Autoimmunity c. HIV infection d. Immunodeficiency e. Transplant rejection 11. What cell type does HIV attack? a. Cytotoxic T cell b. Helper T cell c. Memory B cell d. Memory T cell e. Plasma B cell 12. How does HIV avoid the immune response? a. It attacks many different cell types b. It attacks t ...
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File

Immune system
Immune system

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Document

... SPECIES organisms sharing a set of biological traits and reproducing only with their exact kind Further classifications especially with bacteria and yeasts Strain—organisms within a species varying in a given quality Type—organisms within a species varying immunologically ...
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05 HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

... Virulence is measured by the Lethal dose 50 (LD50) which is the number of organisms or mg. of toxins that will kill 50% of susceptible lab. animal – usually mice – when injected into such animal. When the LD 50 is small, the microorganism is considered highly virulent and when it is high the organis ...
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Defense mechanism against pathogens

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Biology of the B Lymphocyte

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Role of Advanced Clinical Immuno-nutrition in Hospitalized Patients

... A high proportion of patients in hospital are malnourished and that malnourishment impairs immune function.  The capacity for nutrients to modulate the actions of the immune system and, to affect clinical outcome has thus become an important issue in clinical practice. ...
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Antigen Presentation by B cells

... Antigens are captured by DCs in peripheral tissues and processed to form MHC-peptide complexes. As a consequence of antigen deposition and inflammation, DCs begin to mature, expressing molecules that will lead to binding and stimulation of T cells in the Tcell areas of lymphoid tissues. If the antig ...
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Systems Ch 6 P6 Lymphatic And Immune Systems Ch 6 P6

... organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. ...
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Anaphylaxis and the immune system - practice

... Live vaccines can, in some situations, cause severe or fatal infections in immunosuppressed individuals due to extensive replication of the vaccine strain. For this reason, severely immunosuppressed individuals should not be given live vaccines, and vaccination in immunosuppressed individuals should ...
Antibody Structure and Function
Antibody Structure and Function

... – Soluble antibody binds antigen and prevents the antigen from reaching the mIgM/mIgD antibody on the surface of other naïve B cells. – Antibody/antigen complexes bind to Fc receptor molecules on the surface of the B cells making it ever more likely that the down-regulatory events mediated by CD22 w ...
Transplantation Immunology
Transplantation Immunology

... • Tumor surveillance: the same machinery against virally infected cells is used • Tumor antigen: defined by antibody and cellular immunity • Evasions of tumor from immune attacks • How to revive the ineffective immunity against tumors Specific Immune Responses Are Present in Chemical-induced Tumors ...
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Immune System

...  Lymphocytes provide SPECIFIC defenses  2nd line of defense  2 Types of Lymphocytes (NOT Leukocytes (WBCs))  B Lymphocytes – B Cells  Proliferate in Bone marrow  Produce antibodies ...
B cell tolerance
B cell tolerance

... anergy. A B cell recognizes an antigen via the antigen-specific immunoglobulin molecule. Both immunogens and tolerogens bind to the immunoglobulin receptor. Immunogens and tolerogens are endocytosed and processed to specific antigenic peptides. These peptides are then presented on the B cell surface ...
Basic Immunology - Pipestone Veterinary Services
Basic Immunology - Pipestone Veterinary Services

... Clostridia enterotoxemia (overeating) problem. Often we will receive some protection but not as much protection as a lamb that is vaccinated when it is over four weeks of age. Therefore, if the initial Clostridia Type C & D vaccination is given to lambs under four weeks of age, two boosters of the v ...
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... Viruses can mutate their DNA or RNA resulting in a slight change in viral structure – this can make them resistant to drugs and can prevent vaccinations from being effective; this is particularly true of viruses such as HIV. ...
Advanced Pharmacology-I (PHR5001) Lecture 12: Anti
Advanced Pharmacology-I (PHR5001) Lecture 12: Anti

... animals are anaesthetized with the help of anesthetic ether; the abdomen is opened by a small midline incision. Pyloric portion of the stomach is slightly lifted out and ligated. • The stomach is replaced carefully and the abdominal wall is closed by interrupted sutures. Rats are sacrificed by an ov ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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