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338 - Association of Surgical Technologists
338 - Association of Surgical Technologists

... • Much smaller than a virus ...
Nerve activates contraction
Nerve activates contraction

... Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Slide 52  - Sigma
Slide 52 - Sigma

... Attachment of ubiquitin to proteins targets them for proteolytic degradation by a complex cellular structure, the proteasome. Degradation of proteins by proteasomes removes denatured, damaged or improperly translated proteins from cells and regulates the level of proteins such as cyclins and some tr ...
Concept Analysis Diagram
Concept Analysis Diagram

... system. If any of the antecedents fail, for example, the result would be a negative outcome, such as infection-localized or systemic, cancer, immune suppression, immune deficiency, and chronic inflammatory response or exaggerated immune response that may lead to an allergic, cytotoxic or autoimmune ...
Psychological factors affecting medical conditions and stress
Psychological factors affecting medical conditions and stress

... both humoral and cell mediated immunity seem to be modulated by stress.  Studies have shown that stressors such as death of spouse or sleep deprivation can alter T cells regulatory pattern and response to mitogens.  Several studies of immunological function have shown that as compared with pts ...
Course of Immunology
Course of Immunology

Project Overview
Project Overview

...  Antibody- secreted immunoglobulin proteins that bind specifically to an antigen/target  Antigen- a foreign substance recognized by the immune system. A substance that reacts with antibodies or T Cell Receptors  B Lymphocytes- produce distinct antibody molecules ...
White Blood Cells
White Blood Cells

... Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system. Lymphocytes are distinguished by having a deeply staining nucleus which may be eccentric in location, and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm. The blood has three types of lymphocytes: ...
Human herperviruses
Human herperviruses

... • HHV-6 and 7 is associated with chronic fatigue syndrome: ...
B. Structure
B. Structure

Posters Abstracts
Posters Abstracts

... We use the transplant conditioning drug Busulfan to ablate haematopoetic stem cells in mice but leaving the peripheral lymphocyte compartments intact. We generate chimeras by reconstituting with congenically labelled (donor) bone marrow and within 6 weeks the cellularity and total output of thymi in ...
Bacterial strategies for overcoming host innate and adaptive
Bacterial strategies for overcoming host innate and adaptive

... These examples demonstrate the complexity of TLR-mediated recognition processes, which involve ligand internalization, cell traffic and fusion of subcellular compartments. Although the exact relationship between ligand localization and TLR-mediated signaling has not been determined, the possibility ...
neutralisation test - SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
neutralisation test - SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

... fluorescence at a longer wavelength than fluorescein, it can be used in two-color immunofluorescence assays. An antibody specific to one determinant is labeled with fluorescein, and an antibody recognizing a different antigen is labeled with rhodamine. The location of the fluoresceintagged antibody ...
PowerPoint - Beef Improvement Federation
PowerPoint - Beef Improvement Federation

... • What is the phenotype for disease resistance? • Not all healthy animals are disease resistant. • Difficult to determine why some animals remain healthy. ...
immune system
immune system

... they reside. • They exhibit slow growth and their main role is to replace cells lost by normal attrition. In case of tissue injury, damaged or dead cells, progenitor cells can be activated. ...
THE ROLE OF INFECTIONS IN THE EMERGENCE OF NON
THE ROLE OF INFECTIONS IN THE EMERGENCE OF NON

... 2. Other studies have shown that the composition of the gut flora differs in people who are obese and diabetic, and people who are normal weight with no metabolic irregularities. 3. Other studies have shown that changes in the gut flora can increase the rate at which we absorb fatty acids and carboh ...
Stem cell copyedit
Stem cell copyedit

... Stem cells with this unique property come from embryos and fetal tissue. In 1998, for the first time, investigators were able to isolate this class of pluralpotent stem cells from early human embryos and grow them in culture. In the few years since this discovery, evidence has emerged that these ste ...
T memory cells in a model of cell memory
T memory cells in a model of cell memory

... established, and the T cells do not clear out the infe ction because they are only slightly stimulated by th e slow-growing antigens. The T cells take a long tim e to proliferate but when a larger dose of the antige n is reintroduced it is able to completely clear it. • At the reintroduction, where ...
I - UAB School of Optometry
I - UAB School of Optometry

... virus gets internalized its proteins are chewed up and placed as a peptide on an MHC Class I molecule and this allows the cytotoxic T lymphocyte to recognize the virally infected cell & destroy it. a. MHC Class I allows Ag presentation to cytotoxic T cells. ii. Some viruses have figured out how to t ...
Regulatory T cells and COPD
Regulatory T cells and COPD

... immune system (T and B cells) is how to generate lymphocytes with enough specific receptors to recognise all conceivable foreign antigens. The solution to this problem involves random rearrangements of gene segments encoding either the T cell receptor (TCR), in the case of T cells, or immunoglobulin ...
Veri-Cells™ PBMC
Veri-Cells™ PBMC

... Veri-Cells™ PBMC were stained with antihuman CD19 (clone HIB19) PerCP/Cy5.5, CD16 (clone 3G8) FITC, and CD56 (clone HCD56) FITC (top) or CD4 Brilliant Violet™ 510 and FOXP3 (clone 206D) PE (bottom). ...
Gene Section TNFSF18 (tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 18)
Gene Section TNFSF18 (tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 18)

... The inhibitory effect of GITRL on human NK cells was further supported by Liu et al., who reported inhibition of NK cell proliferation and cytokine production and increased apoptosis after GITR stimulation. These controversial data regarding the function of GITR on human NK cells may be due to the u ...
Blood - Studyclix
Blood - Studyclix

... = the ability of the body to resist infection Two types: – Natural immunity – using the general defence system and – Induced or Acquired immunity (two ways) - Active - suffering disease or vaccination (long term protection) - Passive – injected with antibodies – not produced by body’s cells (short t ...
Syllbus File - Al-Hussein Bin Talal University
Syllbus File - Al-Hussein Bin Talal University

... 1 Concept and the types of APCs, including professional and non-professional APCs 2 Characteristics, development, types and functions of professional APCs (DCs, macrophages, and B cells) 3 Definitions of endogenous and exogenous antigen 4 The class II MHC pathway and the class I MHC pathway for anti ...
tuberculin-type hypersensitivity
tuberculin-type hypersensitivity

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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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