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Possible Roles of Tumor-associated Carbohydrate Antigens1
Possible Roles of Tumor-associated Carbohydrate Antigens1

... mature cells acquire a vast array of different functions and cell surface structures unique to each cell type. In the past decade, a large amount of knowledge has been accu mulated on the carbohydrate structures present in glycoproteins and glycolipids. These studies revealed that those carbohydrate ...
The Immune System - Body Defenses
The Immune System - Body Defenses

... • Antibodies are produced B cells • B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells • Antibodies (immunoglobulins, Ig) are found in extracellular fluids (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and the surface of B cells. • Defend against bacteria, bacterial toxins ...
Cell Viruses Virological Synapse
Cell Viruses Virological Synapse

... favorable microenvironment, stabilization of synapse by scaffolding proteins, mainly cadherins and other adhesion molecules is required (reviewed in 1). In the immune system, interactions between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) are essential for an effective adaptive immune response. By a ...
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I Epitopes by Fibroblasts and Dendritic Cells Differential

Lesson 8.Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection
Lesson 8.Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection

... ‘invasins’. These can be in the form of bacterial surface or secreted proteins which target host cell molecules (receptors). Once attached to a mucosal surface, some bacteria, e.g. Corynebacterium diphtheriae or Clostridium tetani, exert their pathogenic effects without penetrating the tissues of th ...
final round - Sinoe Medical Association
final round - Sinoe Medical Association

NAME OF LABORATORY: The Research Center for Digestive Tract
NAME OF LABORATORY: The Research Center for Digestive Tract

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... Despite the preponderance of studies that focus on the importance of PA in developing vaccination strategies against anthrax infection, it has lately become clear that LF may represent a major target not only for antibody responses, but also T cell immunity in naturally exposed individuals. Our prev ...
Has the Microbiota Played a Critical Role in the Evolution of the
Has the Microbiota Played a Critical Role in the Evolution of the

... cause they share similar molecular patterns that are recognized by the innate immune system (such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidogycan, lipoproteins, and flagellin). Discrimination between specific microbes may be a feature of the adaptive immune system, which can recognize discrete molecular sequenc ...
SIMPLE SEROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
SIMPLE SEROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

... 2. In vivo consequences of soluble complexes a. When soluble complexes form in vivo, they may cause serum sickness. (1) An example of this is the administration of diphtheria antitoxin made from horse serum, which is a foreign protein to humans. (2) People given too much antitoxin (i.e., antigen) ma ...
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in T cell activation and survival

... CD4+ T cells. The T cells that survive selection in the thymus migrate to the lymph nodes and the spleen, where they interact with specialized APCs (antigen-presenting cells) known as dendritic cells [2]. Upon infection, these APCs ingest and kill the pathogenic organism, digest its proteins into sm ...
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He_Flow_Cytometry - Buffalo Ontology Site

... Type-1 and -2 Interferons ...
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Chapter 21 PowerPoint

... Roles of Helper T(TH) Cells • Play a central role in the adaptive immune response • Once primed by APC presentation of antigen, they • Help activate T and B cells • Induce T and B cell proliferation • Activate macrophages and recruit other immune cells ...
Faculty Research Interests
Faculty Research Interests

... research concentrates on pathogens that contaminate fruits and vegetables. She has conducted research with waterborne and foodborne viruses, protozoa, and bacteria. Much of her work has involved studies analyzing non-thermal treatments as alternatives to traditional pasteurization technologies with ...
Disorders of Immunity, Inflammation
Disorders of Immunity, Inflammation

... – Relsease cytokines and mediators that lead to the fibroblast proliferation and scar tissue formation – Ex. in the respiratory tract of smokers the epithelium begins dying and as the body goes to replace it, it says that the epithelium is difficult to replace so it replaces it with less ciliated, g ...
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... of other cytokines ; 1.3. Cytokine actions may be local and systemic ; 1.4. Cytokines initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane receptors on target cells; 1.5. The cellular responses to most cytokines consist of changes in gene expression in target cells, resulting in the expression of ...
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CREB/ATF-dependent T-cell Receptor

... Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are a subpopulation of CD4 + T-cells that limit immune responses. FoxP3 is a master control transcription factor for development and function of these cells. In the thymus, intermediate affinity interactions between the TCR and MHC induce FoxP3 expression and promote ...
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PDF - Faculty of 1000

... limiting-dose intrarectal challenges. Moreover, the protected animals that were repeatedly infected via the mucosal route showed no evidence of systemic infection months later, suggesting that the infection was contained locally, well before extensive viral replication or systemic spreading of the v ...
Biology Scoring Guidelines 2015
Biology Scoring Guidelines 2015

... • Morphology may be similar (due to convergent evolution/analogous structures) even if there are differences in amino acid/DNA sequences. • Molecular data (e.g. amino acid changes, DNA changes) directly show genetic makeup/ reveal evolution. OR Identification (1 point) • Morphological data Reasoning ...
The Body`s Lines of Defense
The Body`s Lines of Defense

...  It must also deal with abnormal body cells that sometimes turn into cancer. ...
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Lecture Note VII

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... ○ Differential white blood cell count can signal signs of disease  Increased eosinophils indicate allergies or ...
stem cells - Technical University of Liberec
stem cells - Technical University of Liberec

... from a genetically unidentical, same species (allogenic) or from different species (xenogennic) alternative, risk of complications of immune rejection ...
3 - Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology
3 - Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology

... similar effect. Efficient repair of damaged tissues and adaptation to the consequences of tissue damage, such as hypoxia, can also increase the level of tolerance. Thus, efficient replacement of damaged red blood cells through induced erythropoiesis may help tolerate infections with hemolytic pathog ...
misdirected reactions of the immune system autoimmunity
misdirected reactions of the immune system autoimmunity

... * Symptoms triggered by factors not related to allergy * Anxiety, stress, exercise, viruses, smoke and other ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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