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Book 3 - Roman Roads Media
Book 3 - Roman Roads Media

... and the Rutulians had recourse to the celebrated power of the Etruscans and Mezentius, their king, who was reigning at Caere, a wealthy city in those days. From the first he had felt anything but pleasure at the rise of the new city, and now he regarded the growth of the Trojan state as much too rap ...
The Elogia of the Augustan Forum - MacSphere
The Elogia of the Augustan Forum - MacSphere

... Romulus, and lining the walls of both porticoes, were the statues of the summi viri, the illustrious men of the Republic.28 Some, if not all, ofthe statues and elogia displayed in the Forum were duplicated and set up in several municipalities throughout Italy, and elsewhere. These cities, as the res ...
Cato the Elder Essay - 2010
Cato the Elder Essay - 2010

... appear much throughout Cato’s life and would act as a great influence to many of Cato’s actions. He also had stern opinions and believed strongly in Roman tradition by punishing those who didn’t follow. For example, he dismissed a man in the senate named Manilius who kissed his wife in broad dayligh ...
A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN ARMY Edited by
A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN ARMY Edited by

... BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by indi ...
The Public Image of the Later Severans: Caracalla to
The Public Image of the Later Severans: Caracalla to

... The third century AD was a time of great change in the Roman Empire, often referred to by scholars as ‘the crisis of the third century.’1 The second half of the third century saw a rapid succession of emperors and usurpers, political uncertainty, and social and economic upheaval. The Severan rule pr ...
Political Theory
Political Theory

... the people to it.29 Dictatorship was exceptional and provisional; tyranny “unnatural” but permanent.30 Because the dictator lacked the legislative powers that the tyrant simply usurped he could not modify, alter, or abolish the established constitutional structure but only suspend it. Thus, while th ...
106744620 - BORA - UiB
106744620 - BORA - UiB

... to be quite weak, considered “far from reliable as a historical, anthropological or sociological work” (Thomas, p. 59), but historically it is considered quite important. Upon its rediscovery in the 15th century, the Germania was a huge influence in the forming of a national identity in Germany, and ...
From Triumphal Gates to Triumphant Rotting: Refractions of Rome in
From Triumphal Gates to Triumphant Rotting: Refractions of Rome in

... approach to each one without imposing an overall framework on her analyses. Her book offers a glimpse into the pervasiveness of classical interests and influences on a variety of important poets of this period. Another important work devoted to classical reception in Russian is Marinus Wes’s Classi ...
Suetonius The Twelve Caesars - Academic Research Collections
Suetonius The Twelve Caesars - Academic Research Collections

Ostroff_Michael_201609_Master of Arts - MacSphere
Ostroff_Michael_201609_Master of Arts - MacSphere

Imperial Representations of Clementia: from Augustus to Marcus
Imperial Representations of Clementia: from Augustus to Marcus

... extols Trajan's clemency along with his many other virtues in his Panegyricus. Consequently, modem scholarship on clementia has tended to fall in one of two categories: it considers only the historical and philosophical nature of the virtue with no treatment of the material culture, or, if the mater ...
Narrative and Notice in Livy`s Fourth Decade: The Case of Scipio
Narrative and Notice in Livy`s Fourth Decade: The Case of Scipio

... Some historians write that Scipio, having joined his army with his colleague’s, raided the fields of the Boii and Ligurii, as far as the forests and marshes allowed progress; others write that he returned to Rome for the elections having achieved nothing at all memorable. The passage is interesting n ...
Julius Caesar pp
Julius Caesar pp

Heroes of the Colosseum
Heroes of the Colosseum

... 1c) The Origins and Evolution of the Venationes Spectacles of beast hunts or venationes developed on a parallel course to gladiatorial combat, but had their own distinct and unique characteristics. Again, Livy, the great historian of Rome, dates the first hunts to the year of the foundation of the ...
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero

THE SAMNITE LEGACY: - University of Lethbridge
THE SAMNITE LEGACY: - University of Lethbridge

... Rome established military colonies to hold regions of strategic significance. While this had occurred prior, during these wars colonies were established for a strictly offensive, rather than defensive purpose. One key example is at Fregellae, where the Romans established a colony directly within Sam ...
Diocletian Biography
Diocletian Biography

... Galerius arrived in the city later in March. According to Lactantius, he came armed with plans to reconstitute the tetrarchy, force Diocletian to step down, and fill the Imperial office with men compliant to his will. Through coercion and threats, he eventually convinced Diocletian to comply with hi ...
The Grand Strategy: A Study on Hannibal`s Stratagem During the
The Grand Strategy: A Study on Hannibal`s Stratagem During the

... Peninsula except Cisalpine Gaul 20. After bringing the Latin states into line during the Latin Wars in 338 B.C., the final defeat of the Samnite tribes in 290 B.C., and the fall of the Greek city-states in southern Italy in 275 BC Rome had eliminated all of its major rivals in Italy. 21 It’s militar ...
Fides Romana - Otago University Research Archive
Fides Romana - Otago University Research Archive

... Eckstein’s work, Senate and General: Individual Decision-making and Roman Foreign Relations, 264-194 B.C. (1987) is a narrative examination of the action taken by commanders in Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, and Africa. The period coincides with Richardson’s monograph. The principle argument of his ...
Study Notes on Cicero and Natural Law
Study Notes on Cicero and Natural Law

... Cicero lived from 106 BC to 43 BC. He reached maturity and the height of his ability at just the time the mighty Roman Republic imploded. The Roman Republic was a marvel of efficient and just (for its time), government. In addition to several lesser institutions, the Senate made laws, and two consul ...
File
File

Reconstructing religion
Reconstructing religion

... Brothers,
will
be
examined
to
understand
the
function
of
the
brotherhood
 under
Augustus.
There
is
very
little
evidence
from
the
Augustan
grove,
but
 there
is
evidence
for
the
foundations
of
a
temple,
as
well
as
of
a
circus.
The
 circus
has
been
mostly
ignored
by
John
Scheid
in
his
work
Romulus
et
s ...
Ibid. - meguca.org
Ibid. - meguca.org

... So too the values that gave breath to the Republic itself, the desires of its citizens, the rituals and codes of their behaviour. Understand these and much that strikes us as abhorrent about the Romans, actions which to our way of thinking are self-evidently crimes, can be, if not forgiven, then at ...
The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and
The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and

Layout 2 - McGill University
Layout 2 - McGill University

< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... 138 >

Promagistrate

A promagistrate (Latin: pro magistratu) is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. A legal innovation of the Roman Republic, the promagistracy was invented in order to provide Rome with governors of overseas territories instead of having to elect more magistrates each year. Promagistrates were appointed by senatus consultum; like all acts of the Roman Senate, these appointments were not entirely legal and could be overruled by the Roman assemblies, e.g., the replacement of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus by Gaius Marius during the Jugurthine War.Promagistrates were usually either proquaestors (acting in place of quaestors), propraetors, acting in place of praetors, or proconsuls acting in place of consuls. A promagistrate held equal authority to the equivalent magistrate, was attended by the same number of lictors, and generally speaking had autocratic power within his province, be it territorial or otherwise. Promagistrates usually had already held the office in whose stead they were acting, although this was not mandatory.One should also mention here the procurator, a posting originally as a financial manager in a province, a position which held no magisterial power until Claudius gave them his power in the mid 40s AD, enabling them to administer provinces.The institution of promagistracies developed because the Romans found it inconvenient to continue adding ordinary magistracies to administer their newly acquired overseas possessions. Therefore, they adopted the practice of appointing an individual to act in place or capacity of (pro) a magistrate (magistratu); a promagistrate was literally a lieutenant. Subsequently, when Pompeius Magnus was given proconsular imperium to fight against Quintus Sertorius, the Senate made a point of distinguishing that he was not actually being appointed a promagistrate: he was appointed to act not in place of a consul (pro consule), but on behalf of the consuls (pro consulibus).The Roman legal concept of imperium meant that an ""imperial"" magistrate or promagistrate had absolute authority within the competence of his office; a promagistrate with imperium appointed to govern a province, therefore, had absolute authority within his capacity as governor of that province; indeed, the word provincia referred both to the governor's office or jurisdiction and to the territory he governed. A provincial governor had almost totally unlimited authority, and frequently extorted vast amounts of money from the provincial population — he had total immunity from prosecution during his term in office. It became fairly common for provincial governors to seek continual election to office to avoid trial for extortion and bribery, two famous examples being Gaius Verres and Lucius Sergius Catilina.The near limitless power of a high-ranking promagistrate has led to the term ""proconsul"" being used to designate any high-ranking and authoritative official appointed from above (or from without) to govern a territory without regard for local political institutions (i.e., one who is not elected and whose authority supersedes that of local officials). One of the most prominent examples of this is Douglas MacArthur, who was given vast powers to implement reform and recovery efforts in Japan after World War II, and has been described occasionally as ""the American proconsul of Japan"".
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