Peptide Structure: The Building Blocks of Life
... • Equilibrium favors Trans: The largest groups are furthest apart. Conjugation: Peptide bond ...
... • Equilibrium favors Trans: The largest groups are furthest apart. Conjugation: Peptide bond ...
L16-Enzyme Structure
... bonding interactions. These include the a-helix, b-sheet. Random coil conformations predominate in the remaining peptide sequences. These comprise the secondary structure of the enzyme. Non-covalent interactions between the elements of the secondary structure generate the very specific overall con ...
... bonding interactions. These include the a-helix, b-sheet. Random coil conformations predominate in the remaining peptide sequences. These comprise the secondary structure of the enzyme. Non-covalent interactions between the elements of the secondary structure generate the very specific overall con ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
... re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
Chapter 15 Enzymes
... must have part of its polypeptide chain hydrolyzed and removed before it becomes active. • An example is trypsin, a digestive enzyme. • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from t ...
... must have part of its polypeptide chain hydrolyzed and removed before it becomes active. • An example is trypsin, a digestive enzyme. • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from t ...
Directed enzyme evolution: climbing fitness peaks one amino acid
... mutagenesis may also be required to obtain the desired specificity, with positive selection to improve the desired activity and negative selection to remove the undesired one(s). Recent examples include highly active and selective endopeptidases generated using positive and negative selection with a ...
... mutagenesis may also be required to obtain the desired specificity, with positive selection to improve the desired activity and negative selection to remove the undesired one(s). Recent examples include highly active and selective endopeptidases generated using positive and negative selection with a ...
3.13 Amino acids, proteins and DNA
... They are the building blocks for proteins which are held together by peptide links. The body has 20 naturally occurring amino acids which join to form proteins, polypeptides, dipeptides, tripeptides and enzymes etc. The R is an organic side group and can contain OH, SH, COOH or NH2 groups. Glycine i ...
... They are the building blocks for proteins which are held together by peptide links. The body has 20 naturally occurring amino acids which join to form proteins, polypeptides, dipeptides, tripeptides and enzymes etc. The R is an organic side group and can contain OH, SH, COOH or NH2 groups. Glycine i ...
The peptide bond is rigid and planar
... • Two α helices that are connected by a short loop region in a specific geometric arrangement constitute a helix-turn-helix motif. (a) the DNA-binding motif and (b) the calciumbinding motif, which are present in many proteins whose function is regulated by calcium. ...
... • Two α helices that are connected by a short loop region in a specific geometric arrangement constitute a helix-turn-helix motif. (a) the DNA-binding motif and (b) the calciumbinding motif, which are present in many proteins whose function is regulated by calcium. ...
lecture notes-enzyme-web
... • The specificity of binding depends on the precisely defined arrangement of atoms in an active site. - The lock-and –key model (Emil Fischer): The enzyme has a fit shape before the substrate is bound. - The Induced-Fit Model (Daniel Koshland, Jr. 1958) Enzymes are flexible and the shapes of the act ...
... • The specificity of binding depends on the precisely defined arrangement of atoms in an active site. - The lock-and –key model (Emil Fischer): The enzyme has a fit shape before the substrate is bound. - The Induced-Fit Model (Daniel Koshland, Jr. 1958) Enzymes are flexible and the shapes of the act ...
(a) (b)
... - induced fit – molecular handshake – when the enzyme binds to the substrate, it wraps around the substrate Substrate ...
... - induced fit – molecular handshake – when the enzyme binds to the substrate, it wraps around the substrate Substrate ...
Chapter 8
... - induced fit – molecular handshake – when the enzyme binds to the substrate, it wraps around the substrate Substrate ...
... - induced fit – molecular handshake – when the enzyme binds to the substrate, it wraps around the substrate Substrate ...
Gene Section CSTA (cystatin A (stefin A)) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... which was proposed as a dominant execution protease in the lysosomal apoptotic pathways, induced in a variety of tumour cells by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). In some studies lower levels of stefins in tumours have been reported. For example, stefin A immunoreactivity was lower in lympho ...
... which was proposed as a dominant execution protease in the lysosomal apoptotic pathways, induced in a variety of tumour cells by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). In some studies lower levels of stefins in tumours have been reported. For example, stefin A immunoreactivity was lower in lympho ...
Bioteknologi dalam Industri Pangan
... • Since the very beginning of human history, living systems and their extracts have been used on a fully empirical basis to solve one of humanity ’ s most basic needs: how to produce and store food. • Cheese and beer production are two examples of our earliest progress in this area. • In the case of ...
... • Since the very beginning of human history, living systems and their extracts have been used on a fully empirical basis to solve one of humanity ’ s most basic needs: how to produce and store food. • Cheese and beer production are two examples of our earliest progress in this area. • In the case of ...
Poster
... The concept of antibiotic resistance, the ability of an organism to grow in the presence of an antibiotic (Science Daily, 2016), is one of the primary concerns that accompanies antibiotic use. When such a bacterium carries several antibiotic resistance genes, it is referred to as multi-drug resistan ...
... The concept of antibiotic resistance, the ability of an organism to grow in the presence of an antibiotic (Science Daily, 2016), is one of the primary concerns that accompanies antibiotic use. When such a bacterium carries several antibiotic resistance genes, it is referred to as multi-drug resistan ...
Catalytic triad
A catalytic triad refers to the three amino acid residues that function together at the centre of the active site of some hydrolase and transferase enzymes (e.g. proteases, amidases, esterases, acylases, lipases and β-lactamases). An Acid-Base-Nucleophile triad is a common motif for generating a nucleophilic residue for covalent catalysis. The residues form a charge-relay network to polarise and activate the nucleophile, which attacks the substrate, forming a covalent intermediate which is then hydrolysed to regenerate free enzyme. The nucleophile is most commonly a serine or cysteine amino acid, but occasionally threonine. Because enzymes fold into complex three-dimensional structures, the residues of a catalytic triad can be far from each other along the amino-acid sequence (primary structure), however, they are brought close together in the final fold.As well as divergent evolution of function (and even the triad's nucleophile), catalytic triads show some of the best examples of convergent evolution. Chemical constraints on catalysis have led to the same catalytic solution independently evolving in at least 23 separate superfamilies. Their mechanism of action is consequently one of the best studied in biochemistry.