Incomplete citric acid cycle obliges aminolevulinic
... to oxaloacetate is incomplete, lacking 2-oxoglutarate and succinate and malate dehydrogenase activities. Furthermore, alternative routes of 2-oxoglutarate oxidation to succinate are undetectable. The enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are also absent. This suggests that the cycle in M. methylotrophus h ...
... to oxaloacetate is incomplete, lacking 2-oxoglutarate and succinate and malate dehydrogenase activities. Furthermore, alternative routes of 2-oxoglutarate oxidation to succinate are undetectable. The enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are also absent. This suggests that the cycle in M. methylotrophus h ...
Discovery of substrate cycles in large scale metabolic networks
... the opportunity to comprehensively catalogue substrate cycles, and gain additional insight into this potentially important motif of metabolic networks. Results: We present a method to identify substrate cycles in the context of metabolic modules, which facilitates functional analysis. This method ut ...
... the opportunity to comprehensively catalogue substrate cycles, and gain additional insight into this potentially important motif of metabolic networks. Results: We present a method to identify substrate cycles in the context of metabolic modules, which facilitates functional analysis. This method ut ...
Protein Structure Hierarchy
... backbone, sticks, spacefill, ball & stick, ribbons, strands and cartoons) from the “pull-down” menus. Think about the advantages and disadvantages of these different representations are you see them. Choosing the best way to view a structural detail can only be learned through experience. ...
... backbone, sticks, spacefill, ball & stick, ribbons, strands and cartoons) from the “pull-down” menus. Think about the advantages and disadvantages of these different representations are you see them. Choosing the best way to view a structural detail can only be learned through experience. ...
Zinc and the Body - Harlem Children Society
... • A study of the influence that amino acids have on the solubility of zinc citraconate may be relevant to such zinc ion therapy. • It is hoped that this research may help aid future development of medical zinc salt treatments. ...
... • A study of the influence that amino acids have on the solubility of zinc citraconate may be relevant to such zinc ion therapy. • It is hoped that this research may help aid future development of medical zinc salt treatments. ...
No Slide Title
... General strategy for making C-N bonds: C-OH is phosphorylated to generate a good leaving group (phosphate) ...
... General strategy for making C-N bonds: C-OH is phosphorylated to generate a good leaving group (phosphate) ...
The Primary Structure of the Calcium Ion
... The isolation and characterization of the soluble peptides from the CNBr digest of the calcium ion-transporting adenosine triphosphatase protein of rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum are described. The 562 unique residues of the protein were placed in sequences. The remaining part of the protein ...
... The isolation and characterization of the soluble peptides from the CNBr digest of the calcium ion-transporting adenosine triphosphatase protein of rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum are described. The 562 unique residues of the protein were placed in sequences. The remaining part of the protein ...
Cytochrome P450-enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mono
... defence compounds, their biosynthesis is often induced by stress, and regulation seems mainly to take place at transcriptional level (Crocoll 2011). Besides their eco-physiological role, terpenoids have also benefited mankind as flavours, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and industrial c ...
... defence compounds, their biosynthesis is often induced by stress, and regulation seems mainly to take place at transcriptional level (Crocoll 2011). Besides their eco-physiological role, terpenoids have also benefited mankind as flavours, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and industrial c ...
Mechanism of CS, Cont`d
... Decarboxylatoion Reactions, Cont’d • Decaboxylation of protonated imine, (bcationic imine,b-iminium ion) leads to the formation of an enamine • Enamine is a lower-energy intermediate than an enolate • b-Iminium ion nitrogen carries full positive charge comparing with b-carbonyl group (partially pos ...
... Decarboxylatoion Reactions, Cont’d • Decaboxylation of protonated imine, (bcationic imine,b-iminium ion) leads to the formation of an enamine • Enamine is a lower-energy intermediate than an enolate • b-Iminium ion nitrogen carries full positive charge comparing with b-carbonyl group (partially pos ...
Gluconeogenesis
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
The Stereochemistry of Enzymatic Transamination“
... isotope effect in the CH bond-breaking step and a complex function of the relative rates of protonation of C, and C,, the isotope effects in this protonation, and the rate of loss of deuterium from the catalytically active group(s) at the active site. The holoenzyme reaction also exhibits a small is ...
... isotope effect in the CH bond-breaking step and a complex function of the relative rates of protonation of C, and C,, the isotope effects in this protonation, and the rate of loss of deuterium from the catalytically active group(s) at the active site. The holoenzyme reaction also exhibits a small is ...
couverture these PRES Toulouse M ESCARCEGA 2011
... activity and mainly the selectivity induced, however their separation from organic products and their recycling remain often troublesome.6,9 In 1980s, Schwartz pointed an expanded and better consideration for defining a catalysts as “homogeneous”, relating it to its possessing only a single type of ...
... activity and mainly the selectivity induced, however their separation from organic products and their recycling remain often troublesome.6,9 In 1980s, Schwartz pointed an expanded and better consideration for defining a catalysts as “homogeneous”, relating it to its possessing only a single type of ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... observed indicated the involvement of other tetrahedral intermediates, and therefore a minimal mechanism involving only a general base to deprotonate the C-2 methyl group of acetyl-Senzyme and a general acid that protonates the C-3 carbonyl of acetoacetyl-CoA cannot be tenable. The observations poin ...
... observed indicated the involvement of other tetrahedral intermediates, and therefore a minimal mechanism involving only a general base to deprotonate the C-2 methyl group of acetyl-Senzyme and a general acid that protonates the C-3 carbonyl of acetoacetyl-CoA cannot be tenable. The observations poin ...
Request reprint ©
... NH4Cl into whole body amino acids from Ae. aegypti is shown in Fig. 1 (note that these are whole body amino acid concentrations, which are about 10-fold higher than the hemolymph amino acid concentrations reported previously; Goldstrohm et al., 2003; Scaraffia et al., 2005). Immediately after feeding ...
... NH4Cl into whole body amino acids from Ae. aegypti is shown in Fig. 1 (note that these are whole body amino acid concentrations, which are about 10-fold higher than the hemolymph amino acid concentrations reported previously; Goldstrohm et al., 2003; Scaraffia et al., 2005). Immediately after feeding ...
Oxidation of fatty acids in eukaryotes
... The evidence for this mechanism was primarily derived from a study of acetyl-CoA synthetase. Although the postulated intermediate, acetyl-AMP, does not accumulate in solution, and therefore only exists bound to the enzyme, the indirect evidence for this intermediate is very compelling. Other fatty a ...
... The evidence for this mechanism was primarily derived from a study of acetyl-CoA synthetase. Although the postulated intermediate, acetyl-AMP, does not accumulate in solution, and therefore only exists bound to the enzyme, the indirect evidence for this intermediate is very compelling. Other fatty a ...
Catalytic triad
A catalytic triad refers to the three amino acid residues that function together at the centre of the active site of some hydrolase and transferase enzymes (e.g. proteases, amidases, esterases, acylases, lipases and β-lactamases). An Acid-Base-Nucleophile triad is a common motif for generating a nucleophilic residue for covalent catalysis. The residues form a charge-relay network to polarise and activate the nucleophile, which attacks the substrate, forming a covalent intermediate which is then hydrolysed to regenerate free enzyme. The nucleophile is most commonly a serine or cysteine amino acid, but occasionally threonine. Because enzymes fold into complex three-dimensional structures, the residues of a catalytic triad can be far from each other along the amino-acid sequence (primary structure), however, they are brought close together in the final fold.As well as divergent evolution of function (and even the triad's nucleophile), catalytic triads show some of the best examples of convergent evolution. Chemical constraints on catalysis have led to the same catalytic solution independently evolving in at least 23 separate superfamilies. Their mechanism of action is consequently one of the best studied in biochemistry.