Thoughts on grammaticalization
... example is the development of the Latin preposition ad ‘at, towards’ into the Spanish direct object marker a. It must be made clear at the outset that this treatment is preliminary, incomplete and imperfect. It presents little more than what has been found out in the two centuries in which the subje ...
... example is the development of the Latin preposition ad ‘at, towards’ into the Spanish direct object marker a. It must be made clear at the outset that this treatment is preliminary, incomplete and imperfect. It presents little more than what has been found out in the two centuries in which the subje ...
A Computational Theory of Human Linguistic - TedLab
... extremely ambiguous. For example, a prepositional phrase that occurs late in a sentence can attach to many of the verb phrases and noun phrases that precede it. Consider the following English example: (1) The man saw the boy on the hill with the telescope. The prepositional phrase (PP) on the hill m ...
... extremely ambiguous. For example, a prepositional phrase that occurs late in a sentence can attach to many of the verb phrases and noun phrases that precede it. Consider the following English example: (1) The man saw the boy on the hill with the telescope. The prepositional phrase (PP) on the hill m ...
PowerPoint 簡報
... next Olympics."]), the names of sports ("She plays badminton and basketball."), and academic subjects ("She's taking economics and math. Her major is Religious Studies.") When they are generic, non-count nouns and sometimes plural count-nouns are used without articles. "We like wine with our dinner. ...
... next Olympics."]), the names of sports ("She plays badminton and basketball."), and academic subjects ("She's taking economics and math. Her major is Religious Studies.") When they are generic, non-count nouns and sometimes plural count-nouns are used without articles. "We like wine with our dinner. ...
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
... These facts clearly indicate that the structure of all languages must be based on the nature of man. This is not an original idea; indeed, much of the current work in linguistics in all theoretical frameworks proceeds from this position. For example, it is basic to Chomsky’s concept of linguistic un ...
... These facts clearly indicate that the structure of all languages must be based on the nature of man. This is not an original idea; indeed, much of the current work in linguistics in all theoretical frameworks proceeds from this position. For example, it is basic to Chomsky’s concept of linguistic un ...
this PDF file
... presents. It is not possible to find two arguments function as subject in one sentence. The presence of causee argument in this type of construction will change the function of syntactic argument from non causative construction. For example, the subject argument of intransitive verb in non causative ...
... presents. It is not possible to find two arguments function as subject in one sentence. The presence of causee argument in this type of construction will change the function of syntactic argument from non causative construction. For example, the subject argument of intransitive verb in non causative ...
- IOE EPrints
... complex set of visual and motor skills, but also new lexical items and different syntactical structures as the colloquial tends to eliminate such Standard Arabic features as the use of inflectional endings on nouns and verbs. Accuracy in written Standard Arabic takes an effort to achieve. ...
... complex set of visual and motor skills, but also new lexical items and different syntactical structures as the colloquial tends to eliminate such Standard Arabic features as the use of inflectional endings on nouns and verbs. Accuracy in written Standard Arabic takes an effort to achieve. ...
Conditional sentences in Modern Standard Arabic and the Taif Dialect
... the main clause gives the result. Similarly, the relative clause is introduced by the same relative pronouns in the headless relative clause in both dialects and expresses the condition and the main clause the result. Also, the free relative clause gives the condition and the main clause the result. ...
... the main clause gives the result. Similarly, the relative clause is introduced by the same relative pronouns in the headless relative clause in both dialects and expresses the condition and the main clause the result. Also, the free relative clause gives the condition and the main clause the result. ...
The Oxford Guide to English Usage CONTENTS Table of Contents
... grammatical terms used will be found in FRONT_2. Technical symbols and abbreviations, and the phonetic alphabet, are not used at all. 3. Exemplification. Throughout Vocabulary and Grammar and where appropriate elsewhere, example sentences are given to illustrate the point being discussed. The majori ...
... grammatical terms used will be found in FRONT_2. Technical symbols and abbreviations, and the phonetic alphabet, are not used at all. 3. Exemplification. Throughout Vocabulary and Grammar and where appropriate elsewhere, example sentences are given to illustrate the point being discussed. The majori ...
$doc.title
... do not share Western cultural presuppositions. The speakers of most of the world’s ...
... do not share Western cultural presuppositions. The speakers of most of the world’s ...
specificational copular sentences in russian and english
... much like the “heading” of a list, a list which may in these sentences have just one item. Williams (1983) and Partee (1986a) argued that in English a specificational sentence like (2) involves “inversion around the copula”: NP1 is ‘really’ a predicate (type) and NP2 is a referential expressi ...
... much like the “heading” of a list, a list which may in these sentences have just one item. Williams (1983) and Partee (1986a) argued that in English a specificational sentence like (2) involves “inversion around the copula”: NP1 is ‘really’ a predicate (type
The Bisecting CP Hypothesis
... the matching of relative clause internal and external arguments in a more systematic way. This analysis combines aspects of van Craenenbroeck’s (2007) split CP analysis and Bianchi’s (1999) determiner incorporation analysis and extends them across the full range of wh-subordinate clauses, including ...
... the matching of relative clause internal and external arguments in a more systematic way. This analysis combines aspects of van Craenenbroeck’s (2007) split CP analysis and Bianchi’s (1999) determiner incorporation analysis and extends them across the full range of wh-subordinate clauses, including ...
Formal devices that express temporality:
... Chinese temporal reference is very inspiring despite its informal nature. Indeed, many virtues of his analysis will be kept in my own analysis of Chinese temporal reference. But it is a pity that Zhang’s tense system does not say anything about subordinate clauses. In fact, except for Li’s (1999) bo ...
... Chinese temporal reference is very inspiring despite its informal nature. Indeed, many virtues of his analysis will be kept in my own analysis of Chinese temporal reference. But it is a pity that Zhang’s tense system does not say anything about subordinate clauses. In fact, except for Li’s (1999) bo ...
File - BAB-UL-ILM RESEARCH FOUNDATION (BIRF)
... despite it contains two vowels but a single sounds: “vowel” and “success”, however, have a different case, as both of them have two sounds provided that there are two syllables in each word; in the word “vowel”, o and e are broken with the consonant w; similarly, the two vowels of “success” are brok ...
... despite it contains two vowels but a single sounds: “vowel” and “success”, however, have a different case, as both of them have two sounds provided that there are two syllables in each word; in the word “vowel”, o and e are broken with the consonant w; similarly, the two vowels of “success” are brok ...
Tips for Writing Theses for non
... or less in a paper, the reader has to keep looking up what it means. • An abbreviation should be used often enough that the reader does not forget its meaning. ...
... or less in a paper, the reader has to keep looking up what it means. • An abbreviation should be used often enough that the reader does not forget its meaning. ...
Aleš Svoboda: Functional perspective of the noun phrase
... on the other. There is no clear dividing line between these two groups, because some prepositions may become 'grammaticalized' (cf. (5) above), and the morphological cases of some nouns may become 'lexicalizeď (cf. (10)). 2.3.1.1 C e n t r a l items Diachronically, the most central items of the Indo ...
... on the other. There is no clear dividing line between these two groups, because some prepositions may become 'grammaticalized' (cf. (5) above), and the morphological cases of some nouns may become 'lexicalizeď (cf. (10)). 2.3.1.1 C e n t r a l items Diachronically, the most central items of the Indo ...
The secret life of focus exponents, and what it tells us about fronted
... disjunct specifies under which circumstances focus can project in the verbal domain: a phrase headed by a verb can only be in the focus (i.e., its entire logical form is token identical to an element of its focus value) if the daughter that has the focus projection potential (FPP plus) is entirely ...
... disjunct specifies under which circumstances focus can project in the verbal domain: a phrase headed by a verb can only be in the focus (i.e., its entire logical form is token identical to an element of its focus value) if the daughter that has the focus projection potential (FPP plus) is entirely ...
Optimizing Grammars for Minimum Dependency Length
... that assume fixed word order for a given grammatical relation, but choose the order such as to minimize dependency length over a large number of sentences. We represent grammatical relations simply by using the syntactic categories of the highest constituent headed by (maximal projection of) the two ...
... that assume fixed word order for a given grammatical relation, but choose the order such as to minimize dependency length over a large number of sentences. We represent grammatical relations simply by using the syntactic categories of the highest constituent headed by (maximal projection of) the two ...
The Syntax of Cape Verdean Creole
... comparing the Barlavento (windward) and Sotavento (leeward) varieties. Their work included linguistic excerpts from several islands. Brito (1887) is the first bilingual study (Portuguese/CVC) to focus on the morpho-syntax of the variety spoken on the island of Santiago. Fernandes (1920) compiled the ...
... comparing the Barlavento (windward) and Sotavento (leeward) varieties. Their work included linguistic excerpts from several islands. Brito (1887) is the first bilingual study (Portuguese/CVC) to focus on the morpho-syntax of the variety spoken on the island of Santiago. Fernandes (1920) compiled the ...
Acquisition of Swedish Grammar
... 1.2.3 Sentential word order 1.2.3.1The initial part of the clause Like all the other Germanic languages except English, Swedish is a verb second language, i.e. only one constituent may precede the tensed verb in main clauses. Almost any constituent may be in the position in front of the tensed verb ...
... 1.2.3 Sentential word order 1.2.3.1The initial part of the clause Like all the other Germanic languages except English, Swedish is a verb second language, i.e. only one constituent may precede the tensed verb in main clauses. Almost any constituent may be in the position in front of the tensed verb ...
Full text - Universiteit Leiden
... The process leading to this thesis began when, during my MA studies in Zurich, my then supervisor Dr. Philippe Maurer introduced me to a Timorese student, Eduardo da Costa Guterres. His native tongue, Makasae, ended up being the topic of my MA thesis. Eduardo’s commitment and enthusiasm convinced me ...
... The process leading to this thesis began when, during my MA studies in Zurich, my then supervisor Dr. Philippe Maurer introduced me to a Timorese student, Eduardo da Costa Guterres. His native tongue, Makasae, ended up being the topic of my MA thesis. Eduardo’s commitment and enthusiasm convinced me ...
The Gerund and the to-Infinitive as Subject
... (8a) Can you remember to do that? (8b) Can you remember doing that? The sentence with the to-infinitive construction expresses an event whose performance is desired to take place in the future (therefore “hypothetical”). The sentence with the -ing refers to an event that has already occurred (i.e., ...
... (8a) Can you remember to do that? (8b) Can you remember doing that? The sentence with the to-infinitive construction expresses an event whose performance is desired to take place in the future (therefore “hypothetical”). The sentence with the -ing refers to an event that has already occurred (i.e., ...
Slide 1
... Introduction Imagine a culture with no word or sentence rules, a culture in which people could just make up their own rules. Such a culture would be headed for ruin. We must adhere to certain basic rules if we hope to communicate effectively. The following lesson includes two sections: (a) Word cla ...
... Introduction Imagine a culture with no word or sentence rules, a culture in which people could just make up their own rules. Such a culture would be headed for ruin. We must adhere to certain basic rules if we hope to communicate effectively. The following lesson includes two sections: (a) Word cla ...
Chinese grammar
This article concerns Standard Chinese. For the grammars of other forms of Chinese, see their respective articles via links on Chinese language and varieties of Chinese.The grammar of Standard Chinese shares many features with other varieties of Chinese. The language almost entirely lacks inflection, so that words typically have only one grammatical form. Categories such as number (singular or plural) and verb tense are frequently not expressed by any grammatical means, although there are several particles that serve to express verbal aspect, and to some extent mood.The basic word order is subject–verb–object (SVO). Otherwise, Chinese is chiefly a head-last language, meaning that modifiers precede the words they modify – in a noun phrase, for example, the head noun comes last, and all modifiers, including relative clauses, come in front of it. (This phenomenon is more typically found in SOV languages like Turkish and Japanese.)Chinese frequently uses serial verb constructions, which involve two or more verbs or verb phrases in sequence. Chinese prepositions behave similarly to serialized verbs in some respects (several of the common prepositions can also be used as full verbs), and they are often referred to as coverbs. There are also location markers, placed after a noun, and hence often called postpositions; these are often used in combination with a coverb. Predicate adjectives are normally used without a copular verb (""to be""), and can thus be regarded as a type of verb.As in many east Asian languages, classifiers or measure words are required when using numerals (and sometimes other words such as demonstratives) with nouns. There are many different classifiers in the language, and each countable noun generally has a particular classifier associated with it. Informally, however, it is often acceptable to use the general classifier 个 [個] ge in place of other specific classifiers.Examples given in this article use simplified Chinese characters (with the traditional characters following in brackets if they differ) and standard pinyin Romanization.