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A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto

... Pronoun.--Possessive Adjectives.--Pronominal Use of Possessive Adjectives.--"La Kato kaj la Pasero". X. The Accusative of Direction.--The Article for the Possessive Adjective.--Apposition.--"La Arabo kaj la Kamelo". XI. Possessive Case of Nouns.--Impersonal Verbs.--Verbs Preceding their Subjects.--C ...
Ling 390 - Intro to Linguistics
Ling 390 - Intro to Linguistics

... How do we incorporate the second sentence: she will take the test? This second sentence (called a complement clause or CP) is serving as the complement of the V wonder Like all other syntactic structures, CPs consist of: CP  C ' and C '  C IP Words such as that, whether and if are known as complem ...
Leísta Spanish and the Syntax of Clitic Doubling
Leísta Spanish and the Syntax of Clitic Doubling

... This dissertation introduces clitic doubling data from Leísta Spanish (a dialect spoken in the North of Spain). In this dialect, the dative form clitic is used as a direct object clitic when the referent (or associated overt or covert NP) is animate (sometimes also restricted to masculine). Like oth ...
alas completo pdf - AMS Acta
alas completo pdf - AMS Acta

... We excluded the inclusion of a glottal stop phoneme, for the status of /k/ syllable final seems to be clear also form a comparative point of view (the same occurs in Malay). On the other hand this could lead to the simplification of the types of syllables postulating each V syllable as really a sequ ...
Writing - Pearson
Writing - Pearson

... Module 5) The Craft of Writing Topic: 5.1: Getting Started 1. Identify the role of a personal writing ritual in the writing process. 2. Identify the benefits of keeping a writing journal. 3. Identify the benefits of writing on a computer. 4. Identify techniques for overcoming obstacles to writing. 5 ...
Free from “www.pawankumar.org”. © All copyrights are
Free from “www.pawankumar.org”. © All copyrights are

... where German is a necessary part of their curriculum, because I found many students not getting anything in German with the books in German medium. I wrote the pronunciations in Hindi because psychologically many students still have the fear of learning „Another Foreign Language‟, when they are not ...
Dependent Clause Constructions Key Examples
Dependent Clause Constructions Key Examples

... cr animal kill=act.irr=pl that animal=gen meat take=act.irr quot say=act.pst ‘Whatever animal they kill, that animal’s meat they should bring, he said.’ (Peterson 2006: 299) Correlative construction Remark: There are two types of correlative constructions: (i) With je-class markers: ...
T E M P O R A L  ... C O M B I N I N G  ...
T E M P O R A L ... C O M B I N I N G ...

... such markers as when, then, until, etc. and the latter by if, so, because, etc. The research falls into three main domains: semantics, morpho-syntax and distributional patterns. First, the study provides an overview of the semantics of temporal and co-varying relations in the Austronesian languages. ...
dissertation - VU-dare - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
dissertation - VU-dare - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

... door Trijntje Pasma geboren te Menaldumadeel ...
Interlingua Based English Hindi Machine Translation and Language
Interlingua Based English Hindi Machine Translation and Language

... language barrier. However, a particular interlingua can be adopted only if it can capture the knowledge present in natural-language documents precisely and accurately. Also it should have the ability to handle crosslanguage divergences. Our work investigates the efficacy of the UNL as an interlingua ...
grammar of esperanto dr. ll zamenhof
grammar of esperanto dr. ll zamenhof

... Another new feature is the gradual introduction of correlative words in their logical order, and in their proper grammatical categories, before they are called "correlatives," or tabulated. The tabulation finally presented is a real classification, with regard to the meaning and grammatical characte ...
Interactive narrative generation using computational verb theory Marius Smit
Interactive narrative generation using computational verb theory Marius Smit

... Interactive narrative extends traditional story-telling techniques by enabling previously passive observers to become active participants in the narrative events that unfold. A variety of approaches have attempted to construct such interactive narrative spaces and reconcile the goals of interactivit ...
Content Area: Writing
Content Area: Writing

... 5. Use commas to set off nonrestrictive clauses, phrases, and appositives. 6. Use commas to set off transitional and parenthetical expressions. 7. Use commas to set off dialogue tags and names used in direct address. 8. Avoid unnecessary commas. 9. Apply knowledge of this topic within the context of ...
Verbs and Verb Phrases - UvA-DARE
Verbs and Verb Phrases - UvA-DARE

... Jan denkt dat Peter hem/*zichzelf bewondert. Jan thinks that Peter him/himself admires ‘Jan thinks that Peter is admiring him [= Jan].’ Jan denkt dat Peter zichzelf/*hem bewondert. Jan thinks that Peter himself/him admires ‘Jan thinks that Peter is admiring himself [= Peter].’ ...
Reduplication In Kimeru: A Case Study Of Kimeru Parts Of Speech
Reduplication In Kimeru: A Case Study Of Kimeru Parts Of Speech

... aspect of Kimeru language and therefore calls for thorough analysis and understanding of the reduplicated words in the language. The study uses common Kimeru words particulary in the open categories of speech. These words were taken from the Imenti dialect of Kimeru language. The study aims were to ...
table of contents - Università degli Studi di Verona
table of contents - Università degli Studi di Verona

... In this research, I survey a significant pattern of deverbal word-formation in Italian, and integrate the data analysis into a recently developed theoretical model of derivational semantics. In particular, the main goal of this study is to analyze the range of semantic interpretations and the corres ...
Voice and Case in Tagalog:
Voice and Case in Tagalog:

... Approaches tied to a binary structural distinction with respect to case systems (accusative vs. ergative) often take on one of these voice forms as the basic form. On morphological grounds, however, no verbal voice form in (1) can be considered as basic, as all verbs consist of a verb stem plus a di ...
A Study of Word Order Variation in German, with Special Reference
A Study of Word Order Variation in German, with Special Reference

... verb-last, final position of the verb in the clause verb-subject-object word order verb-second, second position of the verb in the clause phrase of whatever category (NP, PP, AP, ...) ...
FSI- Amharic Basic Course - Student Text
FSI- Amharic Basic Course - Student Text

... take part and act out the dialogues. parts the first time or two. ...
Document
Document

... b. se-bodoh-bodoh-nya orang, kalo dia mau belajar keras dia akan berhasil. One-stupid-stupid-NYA person, if 3sg want study hard 3sg will successful ‘even the stupidest person will be successful if he wants to study hard’ My concern in analysing the element –NYA here, is to look at its synchronic dis ...
Further and Farther
Further and Farther

... Leech & Svartvik (2003: 208), on the other hand, see prenominal further as a postdeterminer that serves a deictic function by relating additional referential information. In this sense, further belongs to a class of so-called ‘general ordinals’ (with next, last, other, etc.), which may precede or fo ...
The syntax of French adverbs without functional projections*
The syntax of French adverbs without functional projections*

... ordering. Adverbs are generated higher than the verb, and verb movement (or ‘remnant VP’ movement) is used to explain the occurrence of adverbs after as well as before the verb. We propose an alternative view of adverb distribution, focusing on French adverbs. Like Ernst (1998, 2002), we observe tha ...
Lisaun 1: Hasee malu (greetings)
Lisaun 1: Hasee malu (greetings)

... Some words can be used with both halo and ha- (e.g. halo mate, hamate), while others take only one or the other. In Tetun Dili, the number of verbs taking ha- is quite restricted. For instance, hamoos ‘clean (something)’ is common, but the usual way to say ‘dirty (something)’ is halo foer, not hafoe ...
ISSUES IN THE PLACEMENT OF ENCLITIC PERSONAL
ISSUES IN THE PLACEMENT OF ENCLITIC PERSONAL

... prosodic evidence it can obtain from poetry—the only linguistic form with clearly discernible prosodic breaks. As such, the occurrence of line breaks and caesuras offer clear clues to the prosody of Vedic Sanskrit that can otherwise not be recovered easily and should not be ignored. This needs to be ...
DATIVE SUBJECTS IN LITHUANIAN AND ICELANDIC
DATIVE SUBJECTS IN LITHUANIAN AND ICELANDIC

...  Ég finn ‘I find’ vs. mér finnst ‘ It seems to me’  Ég sé ‘I see” vs. mér sést yfir ‘it escapes my notice’  Ég mæli ‘I speak’ vs. Mér mælist vel (*af ástettu ráði) I:DAT delivered a good speech ...
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Portuguese grammar

Portuguese grammar, the morphology and syntax of the Portuguese language, is similar to the grammar of most other Romance languages—especially that of Spanish, and even more so to that of Galician. It is a relatively synthetic, fusional language.Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and articles are moderately inflected: there are two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers (singular and plural). The case system of the ancestor language, Latin, has been lost, but personal pronouns are still declined with three main types of forms: subject, object of verb, and object of preposition. Most nouns and many adjectives can take diminutive or augmentative derivational suffixes, and most adjectives can take a so-called ""superlative"" derivational suffix. Adjectives usually follow the noun.Verbs are highly inflected: there are three tenses (past, present, future), three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), three aspects (perfective, imperfective, and progressive), three voices (active, passive, reflexive), and an inflected infinitive. Most perfect and imperfect tenses are synthetic, totaling 11 conjugational paradigms, while all progressive tenses and passive constructions are periphrastic. As in other Romance languages, there is also an impersonal passive construction, with the agent replaced by an indefinite pronoun. Portuguese is basically an SVO language, although SOV syntax may occur with a few object pronouns, and word order is generally not as rigid as in English. It is a null subject language, with a tendency to drop object pronouns as well, in colloquial varieties. Like Spanish, it has two main copular verbs: ser and estar.It has a number of grammatical features that distinguish it from most other Romance languages, such as a synthetic pluperfect, a future subjunctive tense, the inflected infinitive, and a present perfect with an iterative sense. A rare feature of Portuguese is mesoclisis, the infixing of clitic pronouns in some verbal forms.
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