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1 Rise of the Auxiliaries: a case for auxiliary raising vs. affix
1 Rise of the Auxiliaries: a case for auxiliary raising vs. affix

... is essentially the debate of whether we have affix lowering or auxiliary raising, which will be the main concern for this paper.2 The two analyses make starkly different predictions regarding the positions in which auxiliaries surface. The affix lowering account, according to which auxiliaries remai ...
Sugestões de Conteúdo Bimestre 2º Série: 1ª Disciplina: Lingua
Sugestões de Conteúdo Bimestre 2º Série: 1ª Disciplina: Lingua

... Superlative adjectives are used to compare one element to others in the same group or category. These elements can be people, objects, places, events, etc. The world’s deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Russia. Some of the most beautiful monuments in the world are in Greece. How do we form superlative a ...
Kim, Kyumin - University of Toronto
Kim, Kyumin - University of Toronto

... ‘Mary1 dressed herself1.’ ...
Introduction to Specific Language Impairment/SLI
Introduction to Specific Language Impairment/SLI

... and Schaeffer (2003) for more detailed discussion of diagnostic criteria for SLI. Prevalence and Persistence of SLI Leonard (1989) estimates that around 6% of children suffer some form of language impairment (with 1.5% having a tested language age of less than two thirds of their tested mental age), ...
“Inversion” and focalization
“Inversion” and focalization

... The main empirical area studied in this work concerns inversion structures involving a subject which linearly follows the inflected verb, displaying the word order VS. Seemingly unrelated structures involving reordering of complements (in the sense of Belletti & Shlonsky (1995); B&S, henceforth) wil ...
English version - Nederbooms
English version - Nederbooms

... mainly used to indicate morphological information and it is precisely the morphology in dialects which can significantly vary from standard language. The pronouns in combinations such as dieën boek and dieë vent for example cannot be described in terms of the characteristics used for standard langua ...
Grammaticalization and - White Rose eTheses Online
Grammaticalization and - White Rose eTheses Online

... related to Chinese syntax) numerous times and I thank him for his advice. I should also like to thank my examiners, Professor Peter Sells (internal) and Professor Elly van Gelderen (external). To Peter I owe everything that has happened to me here at York, since it was he whom I got in touch with i ...
IEA Style Guide - IEA: Publications
IEA Style Guide - IEA: Publications

... retain the e while US spellings usually drop it. Examples include judgement/judgment, ageing/aging. However, there are many exceptions, with both the UK and US dropping the e (e.g., lovable and believable) or retaining it in words that need to keep a soft c or g sound (e.g., changeable). 3. UK Engl ...
1. avem volantem
1. avem volantem

... Wastebasket, Maserati and leg are all direct objects. Not every English sentence has a direct object (d.o.), since some verbs contain their meaning internally. I pray. You breath. She raced. He slept. Night fell. They snore. These verbs do not necessarily need another word to bring a complete idea i ...
Grammatical convergences in Bella Coola (Nuxalk) and North
Grammatical convergences in Bella Coola (Nuxalk) and North

... The unmarked word order for the matrix clause in Central Northwest languages tends to be VSO. Naturally, the rigidity with which a predominant word-order is followed varies from language to language and within the Salishan family some variation is observed, most commonly in the direction of VOS. At ...
Hebrew Syntax and Exposition - James D. Price Publications
Hebrew Syntax and Exposition - James D. Price Publications

... CHAPTER 2: The Syntactic Attributes of Hebrew Nouns ................................................... 19 2.1 Noun Defined .......................................................................................................... 19 2.1.9 Characteristic Nouns ....................................... ...
Unit 1 - KISS Grammar
Unit 1 - KISS Grammar

... This section contains Stevenson’s dramatic version plus two prose versions of the fable and Herford’s poetic version. At this point in the year, I suggest that the students at least read (and discuss?) all four versions. The extent to which the students do the grammatical analysis is, of course, up ...
Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach
Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach

... 10.2.1 Floating quantifiers . . . . . . . . 10.2.2 Complementizer agreement again 10.2.3 Successive inversion phenomena . 10.3 Ensuring successive wh-movement . . . 10.3.1 Locality in feature matching . . . 10.3.2 Solving an old Puzzle . . . . . . 10.4 Island Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.1 ...
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav anglického
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav anglického

... during the 20th century. It may therefore be useful to give a brief account of these. Quite clearly, the development of 20th century morphology cannot be separated from the development of modern linguistics and its main stages. On the other hand, not every trend in 20th century linguistics has a dir ...
Article 10: Cognitive Construction Grammar
Article 10: Cognitive Construction Grammar

... about the use, internal composition, combinatory potential, or meaning of the pattern under study to some independently motivated principles or already known construction(s), it may become necessary to propose a separate construction. 4 When a new construction is posited it is important to keep in m ...
User`s Guide for the Accordance Hebrew Syntax Database
User`s Guide for the Accordance Hebrew Syntax Database

... 1. History of the Accordance Hebrew Syntax Project In 2008 Martin G. Abegg Jr. (Trinity Western University) and I began collaborating, with significant input from John A. Cook (Asbury Theological Seminary) and Roy B. Brown (Oaktree Software), on the development of a syntactic database for all ancien ...
Grace Theological Journal 11
Grace Theological Journal 11

... distinctive device used by Isaiah.1 In this article, we will differentiate and categorize these structures, but will also see how Isaiah uses them to communicate his message by artfully blending form with meaning. Before we start with the analysis of the quatrains, some preliminary considerations ar ...
PowerPoint
PowerPoint

... Until after around 2 years old, kids will often omit subjects: Drop bean.  Fix Mommy shoe.  Helping Mommy.  Want go get it. ...
PowerPoint
PowerPoint

... without some difference in the system? Why do kids take so long to reach adult-like competence? If the data is available, why don’t kids use it immediately? If the learning mechanism changes, how does it change? How far back does Rigidity go? One would suspect that “fertilization of the egg” is too ...
the quatrain in isaianic poetry
the quatrain in isaianic poetry

... distinctive device used by Isaiah. 1 In this article, we will differentiate and categorize these structures, but will also see how Isaiah uses them to communicate his message by artfully blending form with meaning. Before we start with the analysis of the quatrains, some preliminary considerations a ...
Context-Free Grammars (CFGs) Parsing: Assigning Structure to
Context-Free Grammars (CFGs) Parsing: Assigning Structure to

... (17) a. I asked who the man saw . b. I asked who the man considered to be a fool . c. I asked who Hobbs gave the book to . d. I asked who you thought saw Hobbs. ...
Challenging Discrete Approaches to Secondary
Challenging Discrete Approaches to Secondary

... intending to subscribe to any particular theory at the moment, I will apply the widely-used term 'secondary predicate' to the predicative phrase XP and will call syntactic patterns including such a phrase 'secondary-predicate constructions'. ...
The Bantu-Romance-Greek connection revisited
The Bantu-Romance-Greek connection revisited

... a single verb form marked for subject and tense and/or aspect information. In complex verb forms, one or more verbal or auxiliary forms combines with a lexical main verb. In such instances, the auxiliary is usually inflected for subject information and followed by a main verb, which may also carry s ...
yaqui coordination - University of Arizona
yaqui coordination - University of Arizona

... for variability of several types; in this case, the several positions that a coordinator like into ‘and’ can occupy in sentence coordination. Any theory with strict rules cannot accommodate syntactic variation without resource to hedges in the principles, as demonstrated by Speas (1997). However, us ...
TashlHeet - Friends of Morocco
TashlHeet - Friends of Morocco

... Words and syllables without vowels Sometimes you will see syllables or even whole words without any vowels written in them. This is normal in TashlHeet. To the English speaker, however, this seems impossible, since we have always been taught that all words must contain a vowel sound. Which side is c ...
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Portuguese grammar

Portuguese grammar, the morphology and syntax of the Portuguese language, is similar to the grammar of most other Romance languages—especially that of Spanish, and even more so to that of Galician. It is a relatively synthetic, fusional language.Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and articles are moderately inflected: there are two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers (singular and plural). The case system of the ancestor language, Latin, has been lost, but personal pronouns are still declined with three main types of forms: subject, object of verb, and object of preposition. Most nouns and many adjectives can take diminutive or augmentative derivational suffixes, and most adjectives can take a so-called ""superlative"" derivational suffix. Adjectives usually follow the noun.Verbs are highly inflected: there are three tenses (past, present, future), three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), three aspects (perfective, imperfective, and progressive), three voices (active, passive, reflexive), and an inflected infinitive. Most perfect and imperfect tenses are synthetic, totaling 11 conjugational paradigms, while all progressive tenses and passive constructions are periphrastic. As in other Romance languages, there is also an impersonal passive construction, with the agent replaced by an indefinite pronoun. Portuguese is basically an SVO language, although SOV syntax may occur with a few object pronouns, and word order is generally not as rigid as in English. It is a null subject language, with a tendency to drop object pronouns as well, in colloquial varieties. Like Spanish, it has two main copular verbs: ser and estar.It has a number of grammatical features that distinguish it from most other Romance languages, such as a synthetic pluperfect, a future subjunctive tense, the inflected infinitive, and a present perfect with an iterative sense. A rare feature of Portuguese is mesoclisis, the infixing of clitic pronouns in some verbal forms.
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