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Business Markets
Business Markets

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... • Full-cost pricing – Companies insist that no unit of a similar product is different from any other unit in terms of cost – Each unit must bear full share of the total fixed and variable cost ...
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... equation of the linear demand curve: QD = a – bP, where a and b are constants? b. Suppose that the supply function is given by QS = 2P. Use the demand function you derived in part a to find the equilibrium price and quantity. What is consumers’ surplus at this market equilibrium? c. What is the sing ...
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... of value; aggregate is the composite demands of many consumers for a specific item. Within the total or aggregate demand are market segments, or groups of potential buyers who demand specific different requirements for the same item. ...
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... products sold by the firms, (3) relative freedom of entry into and exit out of the industry, and (4) extensive knowledge of prices and technology. These four characteristics mean that a given monopolistically competitive firm has a little bit of control over its small corner of the market. The large ...
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... To illustrate the notions of break-even and shut-down prices, let’s look at these prices for the typical corn farmer. • The break-even, or zero-profit, price is $0.72 per bushel. • At this price, the farmer will produce at the minimum point of the average total-cost curve, with the average cost equa ...
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... Surplus occurs in competitive markets when prices are too high or when supply is too high. When prices are too high more people refuse to buy the goods, and when supply is too high there are too many goods to be purchased. This causes suppliers to lower their prices until they reach a new equilibriu ...
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... the market by offering options to trade. Through their actions, they ensure that prices do not vary much across markets. When prices diverge, dealers buy goods in cheaper markets and sell in more expensive markets, thus connecting sellers and buyers across these markets. However, across history, whe ...
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... Stores may be trying to empty their inventory of summer clothes and products before the demand of the clothes is gone (summer is over). Consumers will be less willing to pay high prices for the clothes when they have a short time to wear them. ...
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Perfect competition

In economic theory, perfect competition (sometimes called pure competition) describes markets such that no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product. Because the conditions for perfect competition are strict, there are few if any perfectly competitive markets. Still, buyers and sellers in some auction-type markets, say for commodities or some financial assets, may approximate the concept. As a Pareto efficient allocation of economic resources, perfect competition serves as a natural benchmark against which to contrast other market structures.
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