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Cisco ME 6500 Series Ethernet Switch
Cisco ME 6500 Series Ethernet Switch

... Layer 2 VPNs can be delivered over a pure Layer 2 infrastructure. By enabling features as 802.1Q tunneling, Layer 2 Protocol Tunneling (L2PT), and VLAN translation, the Cisco ME 6524 allows the customer to segment and transparently transport the users’ traffic. Alternatively, Layer 2 VPNs can be off ...
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...  VC network provides network-layer connection service  Analogous to the transport-layer services, but: Service: host-to-host  No choice: network provides one or the other  Implementation: in the core ...
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...  IP address:  subnet part (high order bits)  host part (low order bits)  What’s a subnet ?  device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address  can physically reach each other without intervening router ...
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... Using OmniS/R: backbone Benefits high switching capacity  extensive routing capabilities  integrated, highspeed WAN interfaces  Switched Network Services across the backbone ...
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... Scale-out and cabling complexity  With network growth, #cables grows rapidly  An “m x n” 2-level fat tree cluster requires O(mn) cables • Goes higher as #levels increase • Tens of thousands of cables in a data center  Topology design → Network blueprint → Cable install  Steady state → Failures ...
Multicasting
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...  Multicast address are like IP addresses used for single hosts, and is written in the same way: A.B.C.D. – Multicast addresses will never clash with host addresses because a portion of the IP address space is specifically reserved for multicast. 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. – Multicast addresses f ...
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... program that attaches itself to the device. • A user-space program may pass packets into a TUN/TAP device. TUN/TAP device delivers (or "injects") these packets to the operating system network stack thus emulating their reception from an external source. ...
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IEEE Paper Template in A4 (V1) - Academic Science,International

... networks. Routing is one of the most challenging issues in resource management for supporting real-time applications with stringent QoS requirements. In general, there are two main kind of routing protocols for multi-hop wireless networks: (i) topology-based protocols which need topological informat ...
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... this topology has a higher communications overhead than the star topology, which can result in increased latency and lower end-to-end performance. C. Tree Topology A Tree topology consists of a Co-ordinator, to which other nodes are connected as follows: 1. The Co-ordinator is linked to a set of Ro ...
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IEEE 802.1aq

Shortest Path Bridging (SPB), specified in the IEEE 802.1aq standard, is a computer networking technology intended to simplify the creation and configuration of networks, while enabling multipath routing.For non-experts, or non-technical readers SPB is an IEEE standard that combines many functions of routing, bridging, load balancing (link aggregration, multi-chassis link aggregation, equal-cost multi-path routing, network virtualization) and tunneling (virtual routing and forwarding, stealth networks, layer-2 virtual service networks (L2VSN), and layer-3 virtual service networks (L3VSN)) into a single easy to configure protocol, which can yield a variety of benefits such as better fault tolerance, increased bandwidth, and improved security.Shortest Path Bridging is the replacement for the older spanning tree protocols (STP) (spanning tree protocol IEEE 802.1D, rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP) IEEE 802.1w, multiple spanning tree protocol (MSTP) IEEE 802.1s) that permitted only a single path toward the root bridge and blocked any redundant paths that could result in a layer 2 loop. SPB allows all paths to be active with multiple equal cost paths, and provides much larger layer 2 topologies (up to 16 million compared to the traditional virtual local area network (VLAN) limit of 4,096 specified in the IEEE standard 802.1Q). It also supports faster convergence times, and improves the efficiency of the mesh topologies through increased bandwidth and redundancy between all devices, allowing traffic to load share across all paths of a mesh network. To enhance resiliency in the access layer SPB can also be integrated with link aggregation functions, such as standards-based link aggregation (IEEE 802.1AX) and proprietary multi-chassis link aggregation (MC-LAG) implementations.The technology provides logical Ethernet networks on native Ethernet infrastructures using a link state protocol to advertise both topology and logical network membership. Packets are encapsulated at the edge either in media access control-in-media access control (MAC-in-MAC) 802.1ah or tagged 802.1Q/802.1ad frames and transported only to other members of the logical network. Unicast, multicast, and broadcast are supported and all routing is on a symmetric shortest paths.The control plane is based on the Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), leveraging a small number of extensions defined in Request for Comments(RFC) 6329.
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