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Laser and its applications
Laser and its applications

... bake and forth between the mirrors. In (f) A fraction of the photons incident on the mirror (2) pass out through it. These photons constitute the external laser beam. ...
“Q Q
“Q Q

Chemistry Unit Summaries - Oak Park Unified School District
Chemistry Unit Summaries - Oak Park Unified School District

... The electronic structure of an atom describes the energies formula. For example, the mass of one H2O molecule is 18.0 u, and arrangement of electrons around the atom. Much of what is so the molar mass of H2O is 18.0 g. known about the electronic structure of atoms was obtained by In the dimensional ...
Particle Nature of Matter
Particle Nature of Matter

Surface-Mediated Visible-Light Photo-oxidation
Surface-Mediated Visible-Light Photo-oxidation

Any two colors that combine to form white light are called
Any two colors that combine to form white light are called

protons
protons

... Because of unequal distribution of electrons, water is polar. Negative pole of oxygen is attracted to the positive pole of hydrogen ...
my photon notes
my photon notes

... and there is definitely third party intelligences – from my study in the occult -which are capable of providing specific localised frequencies in order to physicall push me down, to create a flash of light, as well as passing messages on such as in clairaudience. now I either have a choice, of playi ...
Learning material
Learning material

16_04_2013 - IB Phys.. - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
16_04_2013 - IB Phys.. - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca

How Atoms Bond: Ionic Bonds
How Atoms Bond: Ionic Bonds

... To explain this step by step, let’s use a simple everyday example: how atoms of the element Na, sodium…and atoms of Cl, chlorine…form a bond – an ionic bond – to make NaCl, the abbreviation for sodium chloride, more commonly known as salt. Atoms bond by ‘swapping’ or transferring electrons from thei ...
Course: Advanced Placement Physics B Teacher: Mr. Nathan
Course: Advanced Placement Physics B Teacher: Mr. Nathan

ENERGY AND ITS CONSERVATION (K) KEY
ENERGY AND ITS CONSERVATION (K) KEY

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

12.7 Answers
12.7 Answers

Lewis Structures Notes • Draw the dot diagram for
Lewis Structures Notes • Draw the dot diagram for

White light
White light

... • Refraction of light waves occurs because the speed of light varies depending on the material through which the waves are traveling. •When a wave enters a new material at an angle, the part of the wave that enters first begins traveling at a different speed from that of the rest of the wave. Chapte ...
Unit 1 Notes
Unit 1 Notes

... 1. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms, which cannot be broken into smaller particles, created nor destroyed. 2. The atoms of any given element are all identical to each other and different from the atoms of other elements. 3. Atoms of different elements combine in speci ...
Electricity PPT
Electricity PPT

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004

the principal of microwave oven and microwave heating
the principal of microwave oven and microwave heating

Direct photon production in heavy-ion collisions
Direct photon production in heavy-ion collisions

Science 10 student notes
Science 10 student notes

... o All matter is made up of small particles of matter called atoms. o Atoms could not be divided, created, or destroyed. o Atoms of an element are the exact same in mass and size. Atoms differ in size between elements. o Compounds are formed when atoms combine in fixed proportions. o Chemical reactio ...
Chapter 22
Chapter 22

... An optical fiber with index of refraction n and diameter d is surrounded by air. Light is sent into the fiber along its axis, as shown in the figure. (a) Find the smallest outside radius R permitted for a bend in the fiber if no light is to escape. (b) Does the result for part (a) predict reasonable ...
OPTICAL METHODS IN RHEOLOGY: POLARIZED LIGHT IMAGING
OPTICAL METHODS IN RHEOLOGY: POLARIZED LIGHT IMAGING

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Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is the observation that many metals emit electrons when light shines upon them. Electrons emitted in this manner can be called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is commonly studied in electronic physics, as well as in fields of chemistry, such as quantum chemistry or electrochemistry.According to classical electromagnetic theory, this effect can be attributed to the transfer of energy from the light to an electron in the metal. From this perspective, an alteration in either the amplitude or wavelength of light would induce changes in the rate of emission of electrons from the metal. Furthermore, according to this theory, a sufficiently dim light would be expected to show a lag time between the initial shining of its light and the subsequent emission of an electron. However, the experimental results did not correlate with either of the two predictions made by this theory.Instead, as it turns out, electrons are only dislodged by the photoelectric effect if light reaches or exceeds a threshold frequency, below which no electrons can be emitted from the metal regardless of the amplitude and temporal length of exposure of light. To make sense of the fact that light can eject electrons even if its intensity is low, Albert Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy hf. This shed light on Max Planck's previous discovery of the Planck relation (E = hf) linking energy (E) and frequency (f) as arising from quantization of energy. The factor h is known as the Planck constant.In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905 Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. In 1914, Robert Millikan's experiment confirmed Einstein's law on photoelectric effect. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for ""his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"", and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for ""his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"".The photoelectric effect requires photons with energies from a few electronvolts to over 1 MeV in elements with a high atomic number. Study of the photoelectric effect led to important steps in understanding the quantum nature of light and electrons and influenced the formation of the concept of wave–particle duality. Other phenomena where light affects the movement of electric charges include the photoconductive effect (also known as photoconductivity or photoresistivity), the photovoltaic effect, and the photoelectrochemical effect.
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