Economic Developments in 2009
... provided some support to the real economy. Of importance, the large fiscal spending and the restoration of normal functioning of financial markets arrested the sharp deterioration in economic activity. As a result, economic activity in most economies began to stabilise by the middle of the year and co ...
... provided some support to the real economy. Of importance, the large fiscal spending and the restoration of normal functioning of financial markets arrested the sharp deterioration in economic activity. As a result, economic activity in most economies began to stabilise by the middle of the year and co ...
Welcome to the topic on Opening Balances.
... • Open transactions contain un-cleared checks, bank transfers and other transactions that have been recorded in the books but not yet reconciled with the bank statement. You can import these transactions using the Data Transfer Workbench as individual journal entries or as one large journal entry wi ...
... • Open transactions contain un-cleared checks, bank transfers and other transactions that have been recorded in the books but not yet reconciled with the bank statement. You can import these transactions using the Data Transfer Workbench as individual journal entries or as one large journal entry wi ...
PDF
... model with capital-skill complementarity,9 both technology characterisations could be consistent with the observed pattern of long run technical change. Where they differ, however, is in their implications for short run behaviour. In the short run the physical capital stock is sector-specific. A cap ...
... model with capital-skill complementarity,9 both technology characterisations could be consistent with the observed pattern of long run technical change. Where they differ, however, is in their implications for short run behaviour. In the short run the physical capital stock is sector-specific. A cap ...
Lecture
... Dutch disease Aid volatility Policy options in managing aid flows Preparing for scaling up aid ...
... Dutch disease Aid volatility Policy options in managing aid flows Preparing for scaling up aid ...
Economic Developments in Portuguese
... released by the Ministry of Finance, this new version of the State’s General Budget includes most notably a downward revision of expected public revenue and expenditure (-26.6 and -20 per cent respectively) and of the average oil price per barrel (from USD 45 to USD 41). Public debt continued on an ...
... released by the Ministry of Finance, this new version of the State’s General Budget includes most notably a downward revision of expected public revenue and expenditure (-26.6 and -20 per cent respectively) and of the average oil price per barrel (from USD 45 to USD 41). Public debt continued on an ...
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
... devaluations. This is done by purchasing and selling the country’s own currency in order to affect its demand and supply; thus, helping to maintain a stable value in the international markets. This argument is valid mostly for developing economies, whose debt is mostly denominated in foreign currenc ...
... devaluations. This is done by purchasing and selling the country’s own currency in order to affect its demand and supply; thus, helping to maintain a stable value in the international markets. This argument is valid mostly for developing economies, whose debt is mostly denominated in foreign currenc ...
Preliminary version, August 2002. Comments are welcome
... import cover, GDP, M2, and, when available, total external debt and total short-term external debt. For example, the plots in Figure 3 show that China has increased its reserve holdings since 1985 regardless of how reserves are scaled. In terms of weeks of import cover, China’s reserves have more th ...
... import cover, GDP, M2, and, when available, total external debt and total short-term external debt. For example, the plots in Figure 3 show that China has increased its reserve holdings since 1985 regardless of how reserves are scaled. In terms of weeks of import cover, China’s reserves have more th ...
Currency Transactions Costs and Competing Fiat Currencies*
... away from the more elastically demanded large occasional transactions. When seigniorage is large, this second e®ect dominates improving welfare. There is now a large literature on currency substitution.3 An important and somewhat problematic early result was discovered by Karaken and Wallace (1980). ...
... away from the more elastically demanded large occasional transactions. When seigniorage is large, this second e®ect dominates improving welfare. There is now a large literature on currency substitution.3 An important and somewhat problematic early result was discovered by Karaken and Wallace (1980). ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
... as a desire to cut taxes. This policy is, however, unsustainable and something must eventually give. Most observers think that this episode will end with a painful fiscal adjustment although there are also those who argue that the resolution will entail some default on the part of the U.S. governmen ...
... as a desire to cut taxes. This policy is, however, unsustainable and something must eventually give. Most observers think that this episode will end with a painful fiscal adjustment although there are also those who argue that the resolution will entail some default on the part of the U.S. governmen ...
Trade and Development Report, UNCTAD, 2004
... now appears to be under way. If it is sustained and widened, the recovery could be a step forward on the way to meeting the Millennium Development Goals by the internationally agreed target year of 2015. The current acceleration of growth in world output and trade reflects the recovery in the United ...
... now appears to be under way. If it is sustained and widened, the recovery could be a step forward on the way to meeting the Millennium Development Goals by the internationally agreed target year of 2015. The current acceleration of growth in world output and trade reflects the recovery in the United ...
Background document - European Central Bank
... Concepts such as value added, income, saving and fixed capital formation can be measured in net or gross terms. The latter includes the consumption of fixed capital (“depreciation”). ...
... Concepts such as value added, income, saving and fixed capital formation can be measured in net or gross terms. The latter includes the consumption of fixed capital (“depreciation”). ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CONCEPTS AND MEASURES OF FEDERAL
... identical results in their impact on consumption: a tax cut holding government consumption constant, unambiguously increases consumption substantially, about 40 cents on the dollar. Estimating separate coefficients on private wealth, net of government bonds and on private holdings of government bond ...
... identical results in their impact on consumption: a tax cut holding government consumption constant, unambiguously increases consumption substantially, about 40 cents on the dollar. Estimating separate coefficients on private wealth, net of government bonds and on private holdings of government bond ...
United States-China Trade: Where are the Exports
... (0.86). The strong correlation is also apparent in columns (1) and (2) of table 3, which compare the top 10 commodity exports to China with their ranking for U.S. global exports. Seven of the ten commodity categories are also among the top ten in global exports. The exceptions are in the export of s ...
... (0.86). The strong correlation is also apparent in columns (1) and (2) of table 3, which compare the top 10 commodity exports to China with their ranking for U.S. global exports. Seven of the ten commodity categories are also among the top ten in global exports. The exceptions are in the export of s ...
The financial crisis and sizable international reserves
... Short term debt data is based on the IMF debt statistics tables drawn from creditor and market sources. In table 2 and 3, short term debt are measured by June 2008 level. Due to data constraint, the oil export level used here is taken from 2005 data. ...
... Short term debt data is based on the IMF debt statistics tables drawn from creditor and market sources. In table 2 and 3, short term debt are measured by June 2008 level. Due to data constraint, the oil export level used here is taken from 2005 data. ...
del06 mundaca 2762891 en
... necessary consequence of adverse fundamentals. Our model also presents an “endogenouspolicy” model of currency crises such as the ones pioneered by Obstfeld (1986, 1994). The government rationally chooses – on the basis of their assessment of costs and benefits in terms of social welfare - whether o ...
... necessary consequence of adverse fundamentals. Our model also presents an “endogenouspolicy” model of currency crises such as the ones pioneered by Obstfeld (1986, 1994). The government rationally chooses – on the basis of their assessment of costs and benefits in terms of social welfare - whether o ...
3312-11547-1-SP
... the volume of imports and exports, as well as country’s balance of payments position. Rogoffs and Reinhartl (2004) also pronounced that developing countries are relatively better off in the choice of flexible exchange rate regimes. Odusola and Akinlo (2003) discovered a mixed result on the impacts o ...
... the volume of imports and exports, as well as country’s balance of payments position. Rogoffs and Reinhartl (2004) also pronounced that developing countries are relatively better off in the choice of flexible exchange rate regimes. Odusola and Akinlo (2003) discovered a mixed result on the impacts o ...
Two View ofthe Effects of Governemnt Budget Deficits in the 1980s
... growth in government purchases crowds out private purchases with no net effect on economic activity; such growth in government purchases results in offsetting reductions in private expenditures including investment. Similarly, growth in transfer- payments can affect the mix of desired private spendi ...
... growth in government purchases crowds out private purchases with no net effect on economic activity; such growth in government purchases results in offsetting reductions in private expenditures including investment. Similarly, growth in transfer- payments can affect the mix of desired private spendi ...
Real Unit Labour Costs in Eurozone Countries: Drivers and
... non-periphery ones. They have fallen by 19.9 percent, on average, in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, which is almost twofold the 10.6 percent fall achieved, on average, by the others. The larger reduction in the overall RULC index in the periphery coincides with a smaller increase in wa ...
... non-periphery ones. They have fallen by 19.9 percent, on average, in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, which is almost twofold the 10.6 percent fall achieved, on average, by the others. The larger reduction in the overall RULC index in the periphery coincides with a smaller increase in wa ...
Pressing the reset button
... no more than current budget balance in 2019-20 would leave public sector net borrowing at £30 billion. Combined with the wider public finance deterioration inherited by the Chancellor, this would increase borrowing cumulatively by £145 billion by 2020-21 relative to the March Budget plans. While thi ...
... no more than current budget balance in 2019-20 would leave public sector net borrowing at £30 billion. Combined with the wider public finance deterioration inherited by the Chancellor, this would increase borrowing cumulatively by £145 billion by 2020-21 relative to the March Budget plans. While thi ...
Overview of the International Comparison
... countries in national currencies overstates their real health services and understates their investment compared to poor countries, when account is taken of their relative prices, which is the task of the ICP. 6. The longstanding recognition of these deficiencies led to the development of Purchasing ...
... countries in national currencies overstates their real health services and understates their investment compared to poor countries, when account is taken of their relative prices, which is the task of the ICP. 6. The longstanding recognition of these deficiencies led to the development of Purchasing ...
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System IFDP 1058
... that underreporting is more likely for outbound travels. Second, even if all travelers were to report accurately, the CMIRs require no reporting for sums below $10,000; in aggregate, these sums could be considerable. As noted above, 151 million passengers arrived and departed on international fligh ...
... that underreporting is more likely for outbound travels. Second, even if all travelers were to report accurately, the CMIRs require no reporting for sums below $10,000; in aggregate, these sums could be considerable. As noted above, 151 million passengers arrived and departed on international fligh ...
DO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS MATTER FOR THE
... on the extensive margin, which occurs when the range of traded goods widens and new varieties of goods become traded. It may also expand on the intensive margin, which occurs when goods that have been traded previously are now traded in larger quantities. The existing literature in the area did not ...
... on the extensive margin, which occurs when the range of traded goods widens and new varieties of goods become traded. It may also expand on the intensive margin, which occurs when goods that have been traded previously are now traded in larger quantities. The existing literature in the area did not ...
Emerging Countries and Inconsistencies in Macroeconomic Policy
... central bank (Arestis and Sawyer, 2003). In emerging markets, the important role of the exchange rate adds another dimension to the assessment of the feasibility of this monetary policy. Indeed, empirical evidence shows that despite their official ITR cum floating exchange rates, emerging market cen ...
... central bank (Arestis and Sawyer, 2003). In emerging markets, the important role of the exchange rate adds another dimension to the assessment of the feasibility of this monetary policy. Indeed, empirical evidence shows that despite their official ITR cum floating exchange rates, emerging market cen ...
PPT - HNB
... Council members from various kinds of pressure, precisely determines the conditions for the appointment and removal from office, and guards against the conflict of interest Financial: revenues and expenditures of the CNB are solely determined by the nature of the monetary and exchange rate policie ...
... Council members from various kinds of pressure, precisely determines the conditions for the appointment and removal from office, and guards against the conflict of interest Financial: revenues and expenditures of the CNB are solely determined by the nature of the monetary and exchange rate policie ...
National Bank of Poland
... limited their operations to their domestic markets only to start exporting (Baldwin et al., 2005). This effect is perceived to be especially important for countries where forward foreign exchange markets are not very well developed and there are no markets for hedging. Moreover, a reduction of the t ...
... limited their operations to their domestic markets only to start exporting (Baldwin et al., 2005). This effect is perceived to be especially important for countries where forward foreign exchange markets are not very well developed and there are no markets for hedging. Moreover, a reduction of the t ...