• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Expected questions for Board Examination 2015
Expected questions for Board Examination 2015

... Explain with the help of diagram the situation of underemployment equilibrium. UNIT- 9 GOVERNMENT BUDGET AND THE ECONOMY (8 MARKS) Q67. Define government budget. State its objectives. Q68. Distinguish between revenue receipts and capital receipts in a government budget. Give 3 examples of each. Q69. ...
Russia: RenCap-NES Macro Monitor
Russia: RenCap-NES Macro Monitor

... re-estimated after the first official estimate of 4Q13 GDP growth had been published. Although the balance proved in favour of an upward forecast revision, the contributions of the top-five upward and top-five downward forecast revision drivers are roughly equal. Individual predictors send mixed sig ...
The impact of a budget deficit on inflation in Zimbabwe
The impact of a budget deficit on inflation in Zimbabwe

... however, often forgotten that interest on government bonds will also be the income of future generations. As long as the deficit is financed through internal debt, interest payment is simply financial transfer from one group of population to another. Although these transfers need not be desirable, i ...
2015-07-U-EUIMF - Public Services International Research Unit
2015-07-U-EUIMF - Public Services International Research Unit

... The first is a research paper published in August 2012, with the extremely misleading title of “Successful Austerity in the United States, Europe and Japan”. (IMF 2012a) Its main results, however, did not identify any successes, but rather confirmed that, on the basis of past evidence, fiscal consol ...
Asia Master - charts.xls[KR]
Asia Master - charts.xls[KR]

... The real effective exchange rates (REERs) of all the currencies in Asia have been broadly stable since 1998; China and India’s REERs are close to 1993 levels (although they have recorded more real effective appreciation since 1996 than the other currencies). The argument for China to appreciate the ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WHY IS CAPiTAL SO IMMOBILE INTERNATIONALLY?: POSSIBLE
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WHY IS CAPiTAL SO IMMOBILE INTERNATIONALLY?: POSSIBLE

... traded firms. It would be plausible that foreign firms would face much less of an informational disadvantage when taking over publicly traded firms. As argued by Grossman (1976), the share price of these firms should under certain assumptions reveal the information available to domestic investors. H ...
If a certain combination of goods or services lies outside the
If a certain combination of goods or services lies outside the

... value of the dollar will not change 16. Which of the following policy choices represents a combination of fiscal and monetary policies designed to bring the economy out of a recession? a. Decreasing both taxes and the money supply b. Increasing both taxes and the money supply c. Increasing governmen ...
Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights

... If the price of a good or service in a closed economy is less than the world price and that economy opens itself to trade The economy will tend to become a net exporter of that good or service Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
Feasibility of a Monetary Union in the East African Community
Feasibility of a Monetary Union in the East African Community

... analysis of variance, and impulse response. This paper seeks to contribute to the relatively scarce economic literature on the East African monetary integration; it also extends the 2 VAR model into a 4 VAR model, as previous EAC researches had used only 2 VAR models which are too restrictive and po ...
S2000560_en.pdf
S2000560_en.pdf

... (see Moguillansky and Bielschowsky, 2000). To reach the second stage, stable capital flows are not only important to help finance the new investment (and, if in the form of FDI, to facilitate embodied transfer of technology), but also to avoid the major disruptions to output and investment that shar ...
Sterling and the Tariff, 1929-32
Sterling and the Tariff, 1929-32

... Treasury bills. These assets were controlled by the Treasury, but day-to-day operations were undertaken by the Bank of England on the Treasury's behalf(see Sayers, 1976, and Howson, 1980a, 1980b). For purposes of the present argument, however, the important fact is that the exchange rate did float. ...
The Composition of Capital Flows: Is South Africa Different? -
The Composition of Capital Flows: Is South Africa Different? -

... Over the past decade, South Africa has attracted relatively little foreign direct investment (FDI), but considerable amounts of portfolio inflows. Between 1994 and 2002, FDI inflows amounted to 1.5 percent of GDP a year, on average, whereas portfolio inflows totaled about 3.5 percent of GDP. These o ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: International Aspects of Fiscal Policies
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: International Aspects of Fiscal Policies

... competitiveness of domestic industry. The accounting identity holding that the current account equals the difference between national savings and national investment, insures that increases in investment ceteris paribus will be associated with decreases in the trade balance. Conversely, tax policies ...
Monetary Policy Spillovers and the Trilemma in the New Normal
Monetary Policy Spillovers and the Trilemma in the New Normal

... statements regarding the normalization of U.S. monetary policy, commonly termed the “taper tantrum”. Following close on the heels of complaints about unconventional monetary policy implementation in the preceding years, it is clear that – at a minimum – policymakers in emerging market economies perc ...
Chapter 5 D : M
Chapter 5 D : M

... growth of revenue expenditure was lower than that of revenue receipt during the first three years of X Plan (2002-07) leading to a negative growth of revenue deficit. These three years witnessed a positive spread of four to seven per cent between revenue receipt and revenue expenditure due to relati ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ECONOMIES Joshua Aizenman
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ECONOMIES Joshua Aizenman

... sheets. Bongini et al. (2001) examine the evolution of the East Asian crisis, which was  accompanied by large‐scale banking problems as do Levy‐Yeyati and Micco (2007) for Latin  American banks. They find that, for example, foreign‐owned banks were less likely to get  into a liquidity crisis in the  ...
Asymmetric Currency Exposure and Currency Risk Pricing
Asymmetric Currency Exposure and Currency Risk Pricing

... Since the breakdown of the fixed exchange system in 1973, currency variability has been a subject of interest and concern. Because of the increasing globalization of product and financial markets, currency movements have become an important source of risk for a firm operating in an international env ...
Exchange Rates - Carleton University
Exchange Rates - Carleton University

... predetermined indicators or events that deem adjustment necessary 12 . The main objective is to allow adjustments in accordance with the parity in a less abrupt fashion than an adjustable peg. For example, under an adjustable peg, when authorities deem a change necessary the change can be very abrup ...
The Malaysian Economy in 2001
The Malaysian Economy in 2001

... vis-a-vis non-US dollar currencies, as well as lower imported inflation. The lower inflation was also consistent with the widening output gap, estimated at 5.6% of the potential output level (details of the potential output estimation are presented in the white box). The external position remained r ...
the full speech by Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia
the full speech by Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia

... Ghana has recently been sanctioned by the African Development Bank (AfDB) for non-payment of debt obligations due. This sanction means that signature of new AfDB loan agreements, disbursements on all AfDB ongoing projects and the granting of any new loans have been suspended until the situation is r ...
From Capital Control to Capital`s Control : Political Economy of
From Capital Control to Capital`s Control : Political Economy of

... we will examine next section. In addition, capital controls have been implemented effectively in reality even in the 90s in Chile and Malaysia.4 Of course, faced with this critic and reality that mere financial opening and international capital flows are apt to destabilize economies, neoclassicals ...
Terms of Reference of ISWGNA Task Force on FISIM
Terms of Reference of ISWGNA Task Force on FISIM

... 5. purchases of computer software expected to be used for more than a year included in GCF? 6. expenditure on software development on own account expected to be used for more than a year and for sale included in GCF and output? 7. the expenditure on all databases expected to be used for more than a ...
1 Greece`s 2013 Draft Budget: Key Targets and
1 Greece`s 2013 Draft Budget: Key Targets and

... to  perform  investment  banking  services  for  those  companies.  The  investments  discussed  in  this  report  may  be  unsuitable  for  investors,  depending on the specific investment  objectives  and  financial  position.  The  information  contained  herein  is  for  informative  purposes  o ...
25 Years of Transition: Post-Communist Europe and the IMF
25 Years of Transition: Post-Communist Europe and the IMF

... communism to capitalism and democracy. Many people both in the region and beyond have little or no memory of the old systems, nor the remarkable transformation path that brought the people and countries in the region to where they are today. So, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the launching of refor ...
Chinese Imports: What`s Behind the Slowdown?
Chinese Imports: What`s Behind the Slowdown?

... import dynamics. Kwack and others (2007) use a gravity model augmented with a CPI-based real exchange rate for a panel covering 29 developed and developing countries over the 1984‒2003 period and find that Chinese multilateral import price elasticity is 0.50 and an income elasticity of 1.57. However ...
< 1 ... 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ... 208 >

Balance of payments

The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP or BP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country . It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency..These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two. Imbalances in the latter sum can result in surplus countries accumulating wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. The term balance of payments often refers to this sum: a country's balance of payments is said to be in surplus (equivalently, the balance of payments is positive) by a specific amount if sources of funds (such as export goods sold and bonds sold) exceed uses of funds (such as paying for imported goods and paying for foreign bonds purchased) by that amount. There is said to be a balance of payments deficit (the balance of payments is said to be negative) if the former are less than the latter. A BOP surplus (or deficit) is accompanied by an accumulation (or decumulation) of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.Under a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank accommodates those flows by buying up any net inflow of funds into the country or by providing foreign currency funds to the foreign exchange market to match any international outflow of funds, thus preventing the funds flows from affecting the exchange rate between the country's currency and other currencies. Then the net change per year in the central bank's foreign exchange reserves is sometimes called the balance of payments surplus or deficit. Alternatives to a fixed exchange rate system include a managed float where some changes of exchange rates are allowed, or at the other extreme a purely floating exchange rate (also known as a purely flexible exchange rate). With a pure float the central bank does not intervene at all to protect or devalue its currency, allowing the rate to be set by the market, and the central bank's foreign exchange reserves do not change, and the balance of payments is always zero.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report