• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT

... model where agents face non-insurable idiosyncratic shocks to endowments and investments, and market incompleteness derives from the limited enforcement of credit contracts. This model was able to explain two key features of the global imbalances that started to emerged in the early 1980s, with the ...
Reviewing Pakistan`s Import Demand Function
Reviewing Pakistan`s Import Demand Function

... (OLS), dynamic OLS, and the ARDL model—and find that foreign exchange reserves are an important determinant of imports. In line with theory, the effect of foreign exchange reserves is positive. Thus, policies aimed at increasing foreign exchange reserves will encourage imports. The estimates also sh ...
What Are Services?
What Are Services?

... travelers It is a transactor-based classification • Goods and services provided to visitors while on their trips that would otherwise be classified under another item (such as telecommunications or local transport) are included under travel Travel covers goods and services acquired in an economy by ...
EXTERNAL DEBTS SUSTAINABILITY, IMF POLICIES EFFECT AND TURKEY SAMPLE
EXTERNAL DEBTS SUSTAINABILITY, IMF POLICIES EFFECT AND TURKEY SAMPLE

... of the external debt, e.g. whether it is market related or official, and whether it has a short- or long-term maturity structure, together with the overall conditions of the economy. While the long term effects of controls on outflows have been shown to have generally a negative impact, there may be ...
Taylor Economics Chapter 34 Test Bank
Taylor Economics Chapter 34 Test Bank

... B. to continue to temporarily disregard the foundations for future long-term growth C. find niches that they are well-suited to fill in the global networks of economic production D. build upon or copy technologies and industries developed by other technology leaders Answer: A Reference: Explanation: ...
Taylor Economics Chapter 34 Test Bank
Taylor Economics Chapter 34 Test Bank

... B. to continue to temporarily disregard the foundations for future long-term growth C. find niches that they are well-suited to fill in the global networks of economic production D. build upon or copy technologies and industries developed by other technology leaders Answer: A Reference: Explanation: ...
THE COLOMBIAN ECONOMY IN THE NINETIES: CAPITAL FLOWS
THE COLOMBIAN ECONOMY IN THE NINETIES: CAPITAL FLOWS

... nineties, as measured by GDP growth, coincides with an even more pronounced cycle in absorption. Based on that fact, it might be argued that it was a demand- and not a supplyridden cycle. In turn, the ample cycle in aggregate demand coincides with a very similar cycle, although in the opposite direc ...
The Gold Price Outlook
The Gold Price Outlook

... Source: Thomson Reuters Datastream, Hong Kong Census, DCM Economics ...
The Demand for Liquid Assets, Corporate Saving, and International
The Demand for Liquid Assets, Corporate Saving, and International

... recent period coincided with episodes of high growth and increasing investment levels in Asia, as illustrated in Figure 2. Second, emerging Asia experienced ...
4. Supply and Demand Developments
4. Supply and Demand Developments

... Exports quantity index continued to recover gradually after following a slower course of growth in the post-crisis period. Last quarter data signal a quarterly increase in exports of goods despite adverse global developments (Chart 4.2.3). This is attributed to the gained competitiveness advantage o ...
Classification of Financial Assets and Liabilities
Classification of Financial Assets and Liabilities

... the DC’s cashier and is made payable to the party specified by the purchaser of the check. Whether purchased with currency or through deposit withdrawal, a cashier’s check should be included within transferable deposit liabilities of the DC on which it is written. 4.31. Bank draft (or teller’s check ...
LCCARL272_en.pdf
LCCARL272_en.pdf

... contributed to lower inflation. Inflation rates in MDCs shrank from 9.2%3 in 2008 to 3.1% in 2009. Inflation declined in all MDCs with Jamaica alone maintaining two-digit inflation of 10.2%, attributable to moderate price increases in imported foods, the introduction of revenue-increasing measures s ...
ANSWERS TO HOMEWORK QUESTIONS  Chapter 3
ANSWERS TO HOMEWORK QUESTIONS Chapter 3

... income receipts from abroad and incoming unilateral transfers. Debit items in the current account are imports of goods and services, income payments to foreigners, and outgoing unilateral transfers. Adding all of the credit items and subtracting all of the debit items gives the current account balan ...
DETERMINANTS OF U.S. PRIVATE FOREIGN DIRECT
DETERMINANTS OF U.S. PRIVATE FOREIGN DIRECT

... Developing nations in particular are employing the stock of FDI as a source of capital, technology, managerial know-how and other resources that are essential for sustainable and stable economic development and growth. This phenomenon was widespread during the early 1990s, as developing countries an ...
-1- June 2004 THE MACROFOUNDATION OF MONETARY POWER
-1- June 2004 THE MACROFOUNDATION OF MONETARY POWER

... -7And in no area of economic relations is the salience of autonomy more evident than in the realm of monetary affairs, where states are inescapably linked through the balance of payments. The risk of unsustainable payments disequilibrium represents a constant threat to policy independence. Excessiv ...
forward rate
forward rate

... • Two general conclusions can be drawn from the tests: – PPP holds up well over the very long term but is poor for short term estimates – The theory holds better for countries with relatively high rates of inflation and underdeveloped capital markets ...
Política monetaria en un entorno de dos monedas
Política monetaria en un entorno de dos monedas

... general equilibrium open economy model where both local and foreign currencies are demanded for transaction purposes in the home economy. We use this framework to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the extent to which higher degrees of dollarization rise the volatility of in‡ation and output, m ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES

... Short term debt data is based on the IMF debt statistics tables drawn from creditor and market sources. In table 2 and 3, short term debt are measured by June 2008 level. Due to data constraint, the oil export level used here is taken from 2005 data. ...
Exchange rate and monetary policy for Kazakhstan in light of
Exchange rate and monetary policy for Kazakhstan in light of

... credibly by fixing the exchange rate, or even giving up its currency altogether. Workers, firm managers, and others who set wages and prices then perceive that inflation will be low in the future because the currency peg will prevent the central bank from expanding even if it wanted to. When workers ...
commission opinion
commission opinion

... then. Such an evolution coupled with developments in interest rates led to interest payments having fallen from 2.9% to 2.0% of GDP in that period. As a consequence of the deficit for 2003/04 exceeding the reference level, the Commission initiated an excessive deficit procedure with the Article 104. ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CAPITAL GOODS IMPORTS AND LONG-RUN GROWFH Jong-Wha Lee
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CAPITAL GOODS IMPORTS AND LONG-RUN GROWFH Jong-Wha Lee

... The variable Z will be called henceforth by mtio of hnprts in investment Assuming that the consumption goods sector has the same production function as given by equation (1), the profit maximization condition gives ...
SPAIN 2013 ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION
SPAIN 2013 ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION

... monetary policy, high private debt, and the reliance on expenditure reduction. (Important note: staff’s baseline, including in the April WEO, had previously assumed no additional discretionary fiscal consolidation as measures had not been fully identified. However, given the government’s strong fisc ...
financial liberalization
financial liberalization

... tradable (T) and non-tradable (N) sectors differently. Many T-sector firms are able to overcome these problems and gain access to international capital markets, whereas most N-sector firms are financially constrained and depend on domestic banks for their financing. Trade liberalization promotes fas ...
Russian Federation: Staff Report for the 2016 Article IV
Russian Federation: Staff Report for the 2016 Article IV

... down inflation. Given the negative output gap and little evidence of demand-side pressures, they considered that monetary policy normalization would be appropriate. However, they cautioned that the pace of easing should be gradual, given past strong links between volatile oil prices, the exchange ra ...
A Framework for Reducing the Lebanese Budget Deficit
A Framework for Reducing the Lebanese Budget Deficit

... segments of the state's fiscal policy related to each other. It would be prudent to include the annual spending from the $1 billion project within a consolidated state budget. On September 24, 1997 the Council of Ministers failed to approve the so- called "$1 billion project" now reduced to $800 mil ...
< 1 ... 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ... 208 >

Balance of payments

The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP or BP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country . It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency..These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two. Imbalances in the latter sum can result in surplus countries accumulating wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. The term balance of payments often refers to this sum: a country's balance of payments is said to be in surplus (equivalently, the balance of payments is positive) by a specific amount if sources of funds (such as export goods sold and bonds sold) exceed uses of funds (such as paying for imported goods and paying for foreign bonds purchased) by that amount. There is said to be a balance of payments deficit (the balance of payments is said to be negative) if the former are less than the latter. A BOP surplus (or deficit) is accompanied by an accumulation (or decumulation) of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.Under a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank accommodates those flows by buying up any net inflow of funds into the country or by providing foreign currency funds to the foreign exchange market to match any international outflow of funds, thus preventing the funds flows from affecting the exchange rate between the country's currency and other currencies. Then the net change per year in the central bank's foreign exchange reserves is sometimes called the balance of payments surplus or deficit. Alternatives to a fixed exchange rate system include a managed float where some changes of exchange rates are allowed, or at the other extreme a purely floating exchange rate (also known as a purely flexible exchange rate). With a pure float the central bank does not intervene at all to protect or devalue its currency, allowing the rate to be set by the market, and the central bank's foreign exchange reserves do not change, and the balance of payments is always zero.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report