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... many of these enzymes are sensitive to oxidation of key sulfhydryl groups (1). This suspension was then treated with ultrasound in a Biosonik II 2 sonifier with a microprobe at 10% intensity for 10 sec. Longer periods of sonication failed to release further protein. The sonicate was then centrifuged ...
... many of these enzymes are sensitive to oxidation of key sulfhydryl groups (1). This suspension was then treated with ultrasound in a Biosonik II 2 sonifier with a microprobe at 10% intensity for 10 sec. Longer periods of sonication failed to release further protein. The sonicate was then centrifuged ...
Anatomy of the red cell membrane skeleton: unanswered questions
... Erythrocyte spectrin is a long, flexible, worm-like protein composed of two parallel chains (α- and βspectrin) oriented in opposite directions. Each chain contains multiple spectrin-type repeats with specialized functional domains at the “head” end for spectrin dimer-tetramer association and for ank ...
... Erythrocyte spectrin is a long, flexible, worm-like protein composed of two parallel chains (α- and βspectrin) oriented in opposite directions. Each chain contains multiple spectrin-type repeats with specialized functional domains at the “head” end for spectrin dimer-tetramer association and for ank ...
Enzymes
... conformation of that enzyme. The enzyme thus changes into one with an active site that can bind substrate. The allosteric activator STABILIZES the active form of the enzyme. When the allosteric activator releases from the enzyme, the enzyme once again becomes inactive. Conversely, when an allosteric ...
... conformation of that enzyme. The enzyme thus changes into one with an active site that can bind substrate. The allosteric activator STABILIZES the active form of the enzyme. When the allosteric activator releases from the enzyme, the enzyme once again becomes inactive. Conversely, when an allosteric ...
... High levels of ATP inhibit PFK in glycolysis (4 pts) High levels of ATP and NADH inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. Choice B: glucagon epinephrine Insulin Low blood surgar request from the central High blood sugar. nervous system to increase glucose levels in the blood. Release glu ...
mammalian hibernation: biochemical adaptation
... would normally be trapped as ATP is released as heat. Two theories of UCP1 action exist. The original theory was that UCP1 was a proton carrier that directly channeled protons back into the matrix. However, recent studies support a different mechanism but with the same net effect. These studies iden ...
... would normally be trapped as ATP is released as heat. Two theories of UCP1 action exist. The original theory was that UCP1 was a proton carrier that directly channeled protons back into the matrix. However, recent studies support a different mechanism but with the same net effect. These studies iden ...
pentose phosphate pathway
... 3) More NADPH than ribose-5-P is needed by the cell • This can be accomplished if ribose-5-P produced in the pentose phosphate pathway is recycled to produce glycolytic intermediates 4) Both NADPH and ATP are needed by the cell, but ribose-5-P is not • This can be done by recycling ribose-5-P, as in ...
... 3) More NADPH than ribose-5-P is needed by the cell • This can be accomplished if ribose-5-P produced in the pentose phosphate pathway is recycled to produce glycolytic intermediates 4) Both NADPH and ATP are needed by the cell, but ribose-5-P is not • This can be done by recycling ribose-5-P, as in ...
The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin
... risk [23]. The association between BCAA signature and IR was supported by Fiehn’s study which showed that leucine and valine among >350 metabolites were increased in African-American T2DM women subjects [24]. It was further confirmed in a cross-sectional study of 73 overweight/obese individuals with ...
... risk [23]. The association between BCAA signature and IR was supported by Fiehn’s study which showed that leucine and valine among >350 metabolites were increased in African-American T2DM women subjects [24]. It was further confirmed in a cross-sectional study of 73 overweight/obese individuals with ...
Arctigenin Efficiently Enhanced Sedentary Mice Treadmill
... Physical inactivity is considered as one of the potential risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases, while endurance exercise training could enhance fat oxidation that is associated with insulin sensitivity improvement in obesity. AMP-activated protein kinase ( ...
... Physical inactivity is considered as one of the potential risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases, while endurance exercise training could enhance fat oxidation that is associated with insulin sensitivity improvement in obesity. AMP-activated protein kinase ( ...
Malonyl-CoA Signaling, Lipid Partitioning, and
... fuel for the brain and glucose homeostasis. Thus the two defects and/or adaptive processes initially walk hand in hand in the progression toward overt diabetes. Nonetheless, what has recently emerged is that insulin resistance alone (in the non--cell target tissues of the hormone) cannot cause diab ...
... fuel for the brain and glucose homeostasis. Thus the two defects and/or adaptive processes initially walk hand in hand in the progression toward overt diabetes. Nonetheless, what has recently emerged is that insulin resistance alone (in the non--cell target tissues of the hormone) cannot cause diab ...
Calvin Cycle
... Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase catalyzes reduction of the carboxyl of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to an aldehyde, with release of Pi, yielding glyceraldehyde-3-P. This is like the Glycolysis enzyme running backward, but the chloroplast Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase uses NADPH as e donor, while the ...
... Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase catalyzes reduction of the carboxyl of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to an aldehyde, with release of Pi, yielding glyceraldehyde-3-P. This is like the Glycolysis enzyme running backward, but the chloroplast Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase uses NADPH as e donor, while the ...
IBB 40(5) 354-357
... TCW (Fig. B). Rats treated with CCl4 showed central lobule necrosis with lymphocytic and fatty infiltration (Fig. 2B). The sinusoids were also dilated, while CCl4treated rats given TCW had normal liver lobule with no fatty changes or necrosis (Fig. 2C). Most of the mammals have an effective mechanis ...
... TCW (Fig. B). Rats treated with CCl4 showed central lobule necrosis with lymphocytic and fatty infiltration (Fig. 2B). The sinusoids were also dilated, while CCl4treated rats given TCW had normal liver lobule with no fatty changes or necrosis (Fig. 2C). Most of the mammals have an effective mechanis ...
A new metabolomic assay to examine inflammation and redox
... Methods: The Arg/thiol redox LC-MS/MS metabolomics assay permits simultaneous assessment of amino acids and derivative products generated from Arg and SAA metabolism. Using this assay, LPS-induced changes in macrophage amino acid metabolism were monitored to identify pathway shifts during activation ...
... Methods: The Arg/thiol redox LC-MS/MS metabolomics assay permits simultaneous assessment of amino acids and derivative products generated from Arg and SAA metabolism. Using this assay, LPS-induced changes in macrophage amino acid metabolism were monitored to identify pathway shifts during activation ...
Study of the distribution of autotrophic CO2 fixation
... CO2 acceptor, from succinyl-CoA is similar in both pathways. Succinyl-CoA is reduced to 4-hydroxybutyrate, which is activated to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and then dehydrated to crotonyl-CoA by 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase. This [4Fe–4S] and FAD-containing dehydratase (Martins et al., 2004; Buckel & ...
... CO2 acceptor, from succinyl-CoA is similar in both pathways. Succinyl-CoA is reduced to 4-hydroxybutyrate, which is activated to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and then dehydrated to crotonyl-CoA by 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase. This [4Fe–4S] and FAD-containing dehydratase (Martins et al., 2004; Buckel & ...
All fatty acids are not equal: discrimination in plant membrane lipids
... been described in seed oils1,2, and it has been estimated that thousands more could be present throughout the plant kingdom. The structures of these fatty acids can vary in chain length from 8 to 24 carbons, they can have double bonds in unusual positions, or novel functional groups, such as hydroxy ...
... been described in seed oils1,2, and it has been estimated that thousands more could be present throughout the plant kingdom. The structures of these fatty acids can vary in chain length from 8 to 24 carbons, they can have double bonds in unusual positions, or novel functional groups, such as hydroxy ...
Regulation of intermediary metabolism by protein acetylation
... identified important roles for lysine acetylation in the regulation of nuclear transcription. Recent proteomic analyses on protein acetylation uncovered a large number of acetylated proteins in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, including most enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism. Acetylation re ...
... identified important roles for lysine acetylation in the regulation of nuclear transcription. Recent proteomic analyses on protein acetylation uncovered a large number of acetylated proteins in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, including most enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism. Acetylation re ...
Medical Physiology
... Hormone bind receptor on cell membrane G-protein activates phospholipase C Phospholipase C frees diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP 3 from membrane lipids IP3 recruit Ca2+ from ER IP3 and DAG activate protein kinase C (PKC) PKC phosphorylate proteins C. Ca2+-calmodulin Hormone bind receptor on cell membran ...
... Hormone bind receptor on cell membrane G-protein activates phospholipase C Phospholipase C frees diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP 3 from membrane lipids IP3 recruit Ca2+ from ER IP3 and DAG activate protein kinase C (PKC) PKC phosphorylate proteins C. Ca2+-calmodulin Hormone bind receptor on cell membran ...
Computational Biology
... For left-handed helices, about 94.7% and 92.4% of interacting residues can be mapped to heptad repeats for parallel and anti-parallel helices. For right-handed pairs the number are slightly less. Assume that the residues of lipidaccessible helices follows a similar ...
... For left-handed helices, about 94.7% and 92.4% of interacting residues can be mapped to heptad repeats for parallel and anti-parallel helices. For right-handed pairs the number are slightly less. Assume that the residues of lipidaccessible helices follows a similar ...
emboj2009339-sup
... and on a regular 12-hour dark/light cycle and all studies were performed with littermates of the same genetic background (C57BL/6). Mature adipocytes were isolated by collagenase treatment of epididymal fat pads as reported (Rodbell, 1964). For glucose starvation, differentiated MEFs and primary adi ...
... and on a regular 12-hour dark/light cycle and all studies were performed with littermates of the same genetic background (C57BL/6). Mature adipocytes were isolated by collagenase treatment of epididymal fat pads as reported (Rodbell, 1964). For glucose starvation, differentiated MEFs and primary adi ...
European Journal of Biochemistry
... 28 "C whereas these inflection points shift to 10 "C and 19 "C for cells grown at 12 "C. To study the lipid environment of the receptor the temperature dependence of the inactivation of bacteriophage K3 was measured in vitro in the presence of various lipids. The Arrhenius plots of the rate of inact ...
... 28 "C whereas these inflection points shift to 10 "C and 19 "C for cells grown at 12 "C. To study the lipid environment of the receptor the temperature dependence of the inactivation of bacteriophage K3 was measured in vitro in the presence of various lipids. The Arrhenius plots of the rate of inact ...
Targeting Acetyl-CoA Carboxylases: Small
... effective therapeutics of obesity and the ensuring comorbidities. Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are ratelimiting enzymes in fatty acid de novo biosynthesis, catalyzing ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonylCoA [7-9]. This reaction continuously proceeds in two steps in participation of ...
... effective therapeutics of obesity and the ensuring comorbidities. Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are ratelimiting enzymes in fatty acid de novo biosynthesis, catalyzing ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonylCoA [7-9]. This reaction continuously proceeds in two steps in participation of ...
Improving penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum
... strain improvement programs. These efforts have primarily focused on increasing the levels of (or introducing new) enzymes in the product pathway and on engineering of primary metabolism. At present, there is an urgent need for the development of novel strategies because of the limited success of fu ...
... strain improvement programs. These efforts have primarily focused on increasing the levels of (or introducing new) enzymes in the product pathway and on engineering of primary metabolism. At present, there is an urgent need for the development of novel strategies because of the limited success of fu ...
LABORATORY MANUAL ON BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
... In each practical lesson students would be learning topics, which are determined by a program, will perform investigations of different substances and compounds, and interpret their significance. In each sense modul the themes for independent studies are proposed A considerable attention is paid to ...
... In each practical lesson students would be learning topics, which are determined by a program, will perform investigations of different substances and compounds, and interpret their significance. In each sense modul the themes for independent studies are proposed A considerable attention is paid to ...
clinical biochemistry
... Enzymes are essentially harbored inside cells of their origin and restrained within the plasma membrane. As long as the integrity of the plasma membrane is maintained the enzymes do not leak out of the cell. This integrity is maintained by the cell’s ATP production. ATP production of the cell can be ...
... Enzymes are essentially harbored inside cells of their origin and restrained within the plasma membrane. As long as the integrity of the plasma membrane is maintained the enzymes do not leak out of the cell. This integrity is maintained by the cell’s ATP production. ATP production of the cell can be ...
antihistaminic
... 2. H2–receptors : mediate the gastric acid secretion as they are located on the cell membrane of acid secretory cells of the gastric mucosa 3. H3 – receptor : described in 1999 , modulate histamine synthesis and release in the CNS. ...
... 2. H2–receptors : mediate the gastric acid secretion as they are located on the cell membrane of acid secretory cells of the gastric mucosa 3. H3 – receptor : described in 1999 , modulate histamine synthesis and release in the CNS. ...
Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling paradigms (such as monoamine neurotransmission) because lipids can freely diffuse through membranes (see osmosis.) One consequence of this is that lipid messengers cannot be stored in vesicles prior to release and so are often biosynthesized ""on demand"" at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate freely in solution but, rather, exist bound to special carrier proteins in serum.