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... 4.1). The instrumental parameters were optimized during the direct infusion of the compounds with 50 % solvent (0.1 % acetic acid in water/acetonitrile at 1:1 [v/v]) at a flow rate of a 5 μL/min. The [M+H] + ions of the compounds were identified by LC-MS, with the MS1 operated in the full scanning m ...
... 4.1). The instrumental parameters were optimized during the direct infusion of the compounds with 50 % solvent (0.1 % acetic acid in water/acetonitrile at 1:1 [v/v]) at a flow rate of a 5 μL/min. The [M+H] + ions of the compounds were identified by LC-MS, with the MS1 operated in the full scanning m ...
09_Lectures_PPT
... • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glyco ...
... • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glyco ...
Recent advances in biosynthesis of fatty acids derived products in
... The activation of acetate is so ATP intensive that it constrains the maximal yield of the acetyl-CoA derived products. In addition, the supply of acetyl-CoA is even more limited under anaerobic conditions, a preferred process for industrial applications. Many prokaryotes contain an acetylating aceta ...
... The activation of acetate is so ATP intensive that it constrains the maximal yield of the acetyl-CoA derived products. In addition, the supply of acetyl-CoA is even more limited under anaerobic conditions, a preferred process for industrial applications. Many prokaryotes contain an acetylating aceta ...
09_Lectures_PPT
... • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glyco ...
... • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glyco ...
Metabolic Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Candidiasis
... The ultimate effect of this very toxic substance could include disruption of intestinal absorptive processes, as well as impairment of function in erythrocytes, leukocytes, and other cells in which it accumulates. As we will see in the next section, the known toxic effects of acetaldehyde are more t ...
... The ultimate effect of this very toxic substance could include disruption of intestinal absorptive processes, as well as impairment of function in erythrocytes, leukocytes, and other cells in which it accumulates. As we will see in the next section, the known toxic effects of acetaldehyde are more t ...
35 Amino acid breakdown Amino acids comprise one of the three
... by a series of common enzymes into coenzyme A derivatives. These are then metabolized by separate pathways depending on the structure of the original compound. Leucine is converted into HMG-CoA, the substrate for ketone body production, and is exclusively ketogenic. Valine is converted to propionyl- ...
... by a series of common enzymes into coenzyme A derivatives. These are then metabolized by separate pathways depending on the structure of the original compound. Leucine is converted into HMG-CoA, the substrate for ketone body production, and is exclusively ketogenic. Valine is converted to propionyl- ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... 1- It occurs in only 1 person per 200,000 and is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. 2- Symptoms include : Fasting hypoglycemia, because the liver cannot release enough glucose by means of glycogenolysis; only the free glucose from debranching enzyme activity is available. 3- Lactic academi ...
... 1- It occurs in only 1 person per 200,000 and is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. 2- Symptoms include : Fasting hypoglycemia, because the liver cannot release enough glucose by means of glycogenolysis; only the free glucose from debranching enzyme activity is available. 3- Lactic academi ...
Effect of essential and non-essential amino acid addition to a
... the re-utilization of AA present in the AA pool. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that small supplements of sulphur amino acids and threonine to an N-free diet significantly reduce urinary N excretion and improve N retention (Yokogoshi and Yoshida, 1976, 1981) and therefore these AA are the most ...
... the re-utilization of AA present in the AA pool. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that small supplements of sulphur amino acids and threonine to an N-free diet significantly reduce urinary N excretion and improve N retention (Yokogoshi and Yoshida, 1976, 1981) and therefore these AA are the most ...
(lip) that - Repositories
... simultaneously lose the ability to synthesize acetyl-CoA (via the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) and succinyl-CoA (via the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex). As a result, they are unable to grow on glucose as a sole carbon source. The ability to metabolize glucose can be restor ...
... simultaneously lose the ability to synthesize acetyl-CoA (via the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) and succinyl-CoA (via the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex). As a result, they are unable to grow on glucose as a sole carbon source. The ability to metabolize glucose can be restor ...
ATP - HEDCen Science
... reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 ...
... reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 ...
Microbial Metabolism
... of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do. For example, some bacteria can live on cellulose, whereas others can live on petroleum. Through their metabolism, bacteria rec ...
... of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do. For example, some bacteria can live on cellulose, whereas others can live on petroleum. Through their metabolism, bacteria rec ...
4. AMINO ACIDS
... b) Based on the groups present in the side chain: • Based on the groups present in the side chain ‘R’ amino acids are classified as ...
... b) Based on the groups present in the side chain: • Based on the groups present in the side chain ‘R’ amino acids are classified as ...
AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... 1. A deficiency of a citric acid cycle enzyme in both mitochondria and the cytosol of some tissues (e.g. blood lymphocytes) results in severe neurological abnormalities in newborns. The disease is characterized by excretion in the urine of abnormally high amounts of a-ketoglutarate, succinate, and ...
... 1. A deficiency of a citric acid cycle enzyme in both mitochondria and the cytosol of some tissues (e.g. blood lymphocytes) results in severe neurological abnormalities in newborns. The disease is characterized by excretion in the urine of abnormally high amounts of a-ketoglutarate, succinate, and ...
Amino acid composition in the muscles of male and female
... Abstract: Seafood products have attracted considerable attention as important sources of nutrients in the human diet. Apart from their delicacy, crustaceans species such as shrimps and crabs consist of protein and amino acids. The present study was conducted to evaluate flesh of both sexes of mantis ...
... Abstract: Seafood products have attracted considerable attention as important sources of nutrients in the human diet. Apart from their delicacy, crustaceans species such as shrimps and crabs consist of protein and amino acids. The present study was conducted to evaluate flesh of both sexes of mantis ...
T06 Fermentations 2014
... In the absence of oxygen, many bacteria can use nitrate (NO3-) as electron acceptor and produce N2 as the endproduct (nitrate respiration or denitrification). What rate of nitrate reduction to N2 would you expect of a reactor that was switched from aerobic (aerated) conditions to nitrate reducing co ...
... In the absence of oxygen, many bacteria can use nitrate (NO3-) as electron acceptor and produce N2 as the endproduct (nitrate respiration or denitrification). What rate of nitrate reduction to N2 would you expect of a reactor that was switched from aerobic (aerated) conditions to nitrate reducing co ...
video slide
... The Pathway of Electron Transport • The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
... The Pathway of Electron Transport • The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
2 H
... The Pathway of Electron Transport • The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
... The Pathway of Electron Transport • The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
Phenylobacterium immobile gen. nov. sp. nov. a Gram
... relationship to Pseudomonas diminuta, Rhizobium leguminosarum, rhodopseudomonads, and Aquaspirillum itersonii, with binary similarity coefficients ( S A B values) ranging between 0.51 and 0.46. In addition, these findings on the phylogenetic position of the chloridazon-degrading bacteria are support ...
... relationship to Pseudomonas diminuta, Rhizobium leguminosarum, rhodopseudomonads, and Aquaspirillum itersonii, with binary similarity coefficients ( S A B values) ranging between 0.51 and 0.46. In addition, these findings on the phylogenetic position of the chloridazon-degrading bacteria are support ...
Acid-Base
... A buffer solution contains 0.40 mole of formic acid, HCOOH, and 0.60 mole of sodium formate, HCOONa, in 1.00 litre of solution. The ionization constant, Ka, of formic acid is 1.810–4. (a) Calculate the pH of this solution. (b) If 100. millilitres of this buffer solution is diluted to a volume of 1. ...
... A buffer solution contains 0.40 mole of formic acid, HCOOH, and 0.60 mole of sodium formate, HCOONa, in 1.00 litre of solution. The ionization constant, Ka, of formic acid is 1.810–4. (a) Calculate the pH of this solution. (b) If 100. millilitres of this buffer solution is diluted to a volume of 1. ...
Transamination and Reductive Amination
... NADH or NADPH as cofactor. The synthetic usefulness of the transaminase reaction is diminished by the position of the equilibrium (Keq is often close to 1), which means that either complex mixtures result that are often laborious to separate, or extra measures are required to shift the equilibrium c ...
... NADH or NADPH as cofactor. The synthetic usefulness of the transaminase reaction is diminished by the position of the equilibrium (Keq is often close to 1), which means that either complex mixtures result that are often laborious to separate, or extra measures are required to shift the equilibrium c ...
Disposition of Glutathione Conjugates in Rats by a Novel Glutamic
... tripeptide composed of L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, and Lglycine (␥-Glu-Cys-Gly). The presence of cysteine in the tripeptide provides a sulfhydryl group that is nucleophilic, and hence GSH reacts with electrophiles as the thiolate ion, GS⫺. These electrophiles may be chemically reactive and are prod ...
... tripeptide composed of L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, and Lglycine (␥-Glu-Cys-Gly). The presence of cysteine in the tripeptide provides a sulfhydryl group that is nucleophilic, and hence GSH reacts with electrophiles as the thiolate ion, GS⫺. These electrophiles may be chemically reactive and are prod ...
Mutational properties of amino acid residues
... residue in that it is the only amino acid whose six codons are distributed in two different groups, AGY and TCN, that are so far apart from each other (at least two nucleotide mutations away). As a consequence, serine will be more easily reached from another amino acid after mutation, i.e. it is ver ...
... residue in that it is the only amino acid whose six codons are distributed in two different groups, AGY and TCN, that are so far apart from each other (at least two nucleotide mutations away). As a consequence, serine will be more easily reached from another amino acid after mutation, i.e. it is ver ...
Mutational properties of amino acid residues: implications for
... residue in that it is the only amino acid whose six codons are distributed in two different groups, AGY and TCN, that are so far apart from each other (at least two nucleotide mutations away). As a consequence, serine will be more easily reached from another amino acid after mutation, i.e. it is ver ...
... residue in that it is the only amino acid whose six codons are distributed in two different groups, AGY and TCN, that are so far apart from each other (at least two nucleotide mutations away). As a consequence, serine will be more easily reached from another amino acid after mutation, i.e. it is ver ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic engineering of for production
... the cost and complicate downstream processing (Benninga, 1990; Vaidya et al., 2005). Furthermore, these prokaryotic organisms are generally unable to grow and produce organic acids at the low pH values where these compounds occur predominantly in their undissociated form. Production at these lower p ...
... the cost and complicate downstream processing (Benninga, 1990; Vaidya et al., 2005). Furthermore, these prokaryotic organisms are generally unable to grow and produce organic acids at the low pH values where these compounds occur predominantly in their undissociated form. Production at these lower p ...
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from Greek βούτῡρον, meaning ""butter""), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in milk, especially goat, sheep and buffalo milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation (including in the colon and as body odor). It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). It can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (such as dogs) at 10 parts per billion, whereas humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 parts per million.Butyric acid is present in, and is the main distinctive smell of, human vomit.Butyric acid was first observed (in impure form) in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. The name of butyric acid comes from the Latin word for butter, butyrum (or buturum), the substance in which butyric acid was first found.