Metabolic modeling of muscle metabolism identifies key reactions
... Objective: Dysregulated muscle metabolism is a cardinal feature of human insulin resistance (IR) and associated diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, specific reactions contributing to abnormal energetics and metabolic inflexibility in IR are unknown. Methods: We utilize flux balance comp ...
... Objective: Dysregulated muscle metabolism is a cardinal feature of human insulin resistance (IR) and associated diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, specific reactions contributing to abnormal energetics and metabolic inflexibility in IR are unknown. Methods: We utilize flux balance comp ...
Gluconeogenesis by Dr Tarek
... PC glycolysis is inhibited and gluconeogenesis is activited • During starvation, the priority is to conserve blood glucose for the brain and muscle. Thus, under these conditions, PK in the liver is switched off. This occurs because the hormone glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream and activates ...
... PC glycolysis is inhibited and gluconeogenesis is activited • During starvation, the priority is to conserve blood glucose for the brain and muscle. Thus, under these conditions, PK in the liver is switched off. This occurs because the hormone glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream and activates ...
Lipid and fatty acid metabolism in Ralstonia eutropha: relevance for
... strains. An increase in the mol% of 3HHx monomer was also seen in PHA from fadB’ gene knockout strains, but this was due primarily to the decrease of mol% of 3HB monomer (Insomphun et al. 2013). These results suggest that the FadB gene products encoded in the different β-oxidation operons in R. eut ...
... strains. An increase in the mol% of 3HHx monomer was also seen in PHA from fadB’ gene knockout strains, but this was due primarily to the decrease of mol% of 3HB monomer (Insomphun et al. 2013). These results suggest that the FadB gene products encoded in the different β-oxidation operons in R. eut ...
Cellular Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
Lab Manual Quantitative Analytical Method
... flasks. Measure between 0.20 – 0.25 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate into each. conical flask. Record Clean, rinse well (with deionized water), and dry three 125-mL or 250-mL Conical flasks. Measure between 0.20 – 0.25 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate into each Conical flask. Record the exact weig ...
... flasks. Measure between 0.20 – 0.25 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate into each. conical flask. Record Clean, rinse well (with deionized water), and dry three 125-mL or 250-mL Conical flasks. Measure between 0.20 – 0.25 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate into each Conical flask. Record the exact weig ...
Characterization of cytochrome P450
... quantify the artemisinin content of the individual plant. 3. Results and discussion As less number of full length CYPs have been reported from A. annua it is required to isolate and identify more CYPs to explore their role in secondary metabolism. Since trichomes are described to be highly active in ...
... quantify the artemisinin content of the individual plant. 3. Results and discussion As less number of full length CYPs have been reported from A. annua it is required to isolate and identify more CYPs to explore their role in secondary metabolism. Since trichomes are described to be highly active in ...
Key area 2 * Cellular respiration
... the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate; the chemical energy stored in ATP can be released by breaking it down to ADP and phosphate; ATP can be regenerated during respiration; each glucose molecule is broken down via pyruvate to carbon dioxide ...
... the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate; the chemical energy stored in ATP can be released by breaking it down to ADP and phosphate; ATP can be regenerated during respiration; each glucose molecule is broken down via pyruvate to carbon dioxide ...
Cellular respiration
... You should now be able to: 1. Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges 2. Name the three stages of cellular respiration; for each, state the region of the eukaryotic cell where it occurs and the products that result 3. In general terms, explain the role of the e ...
... You should now be able to: 1. Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges 2. Name the three stages of cellular respiration; for each, state the region of the eukaryotic cell where it occurs and the products that result 3. In general terms, explain the role of the e ...
Cellular Respiration
... Fermentation is a process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. ...
... Fermentation is a process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. ...
Analysis of the Role of Mitochondria of Sake in Fermentation Technologies
... some fungi, nitrate and nitrite are used as electron acceptors to produce mitochondrial electron potential, which leads to ATP synthesis through complex V (Takaya 2009). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cytochrome oxidase has been reported to reduce nitrite, which produces nitric oxide (NO) and mitochon ...
... some fungi, nitrate and nitrite are used as electron acceptors to produce mitochondrial electron potential, which leads to ATP synthesis through complex V (Takaya 2009). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cytochrome oxidase has been reported to reduce nitrite, which produces nitric oxide (NO) and mitochon ...
A Diurnal Component to the Variation in Sieve Tube Amino Acid
... aphids. The sensitivity of the method was sufficient to determine a quantitative amino acid profile of individual STs without the need to bulk samples to produce larger volumes for analysis. This allowed the observation of the full range of variation that exists in individual STs. Some of the total ...
... aphids. The sensitivity of the method was sufficient to determine a quantitative amino acid profile of individual STs without the need to bulk samples to produce larger volumes for analysis. This allowed the observation of the full range of variation that exists in individual STs. Some of the total ...
ASPECTS OF ANAEROBIC METABOLISM IN
... Putting together the available information of PEP carboxykinase activity and kinetic parameters of pyruvate kinase we conclude that anaerobic glycolysis will not proceed via the PEP--~oxaloacetate step. Instead, pyruvate will be carboxylated to oxaloacetate or to malate. The latter alternative appea ...
... Putting together the available information of PEP carboxykinase activity and kinetic parameters of pyruvate kinase we conclude that anaerobic glycolysis will not proceed via the PEP--~oxaloacetate step. Instead, pyruvate will be carboxylated to oxaloacetate or to malate. The latter alternative appea ...
Amino Acid Transporters and Release of Hydrophobic Amino Acids
... plants [8], and it seems to be important also in cyanobacteria [9]; alanine can be an immediate source of reducing power in the heterocyst, where it is metabolized by alanine dehydrogenase [6]; and glutamate is mainly synthesized in vegetative cells by glutamate synthase and used in the heterocysts ...
... plants [8], and it seems to be important also in cyanobacteria [9]; alanine can be an immediate source of reducing power in the heterocyst, where it is metabolized by alanine dehydrogenase [6]; and glutamate is mainly synthesized in vegetative cells by glutamate synthase and used in the heterocysts ...
Scott et al. 2006
... an amine group to oxaloacetate and pyruvate, respectively (Fig. 1). This process of nitrogen assimilation is referred to as transamination. It has been shown that, during transamination, a major shift in the 15N occurs (Macko et al., 1987). During this process, however, no significant shift in 13C ...
... an amine group to oxaloacetate and pyruvate, respectively (Fig. 1). This process of nitrogen assimilation is referred to as transamination. It has been shown that, during transamination, a major shift in the 15N occurs (Macko et al., 1987). During this process, however, no significant shift in 13C ...
Acid-Base Equilibria - Riverside Local Schools
... from the Latin word acidus, meaning sour or tart. Bases, in contrast, have a bitter taste and feel slippery (soap is a good example). The word base comes from an old English meaning of the word, which is "to bring low." (We still use the word debase in this sense, meaning to lower the value of somet ...
... from the Latin word acidus, meaning sour or tart. Bases, in contrast, have a bitter taste and feel slippery (soap is a good example). The word base comes from an old English meaning of the word, which is "to bring low." (We still use the word debase in this sense, meaning to lower the value of somet ...
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANAEROBIC METABOLISM TO pH
... MgATP 2 " hydrolysis. In steady state, lactate and protons are the end-products. The chemical origin of the proton is undoubtedly the carboxyl group present in lactate. This point can be overlooked by the above-mentioned approach, but it always holds true even if the respective stoichiometry may sec ...
... MgATP 2 " hydrolysis. In steady state, lactate and protons are the end-products. The chemical origin of the proton is undoubtedly the carboxyl group present in lactate. This point can be overlooked by the above-mentioned approach, but it always holds true even if the respective stoichiometry may sec ...
Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Increase Intracellular
... EETs appear to produce diverse effects on L-type Ca21 channel activity and Ca21 influx. Previously it was reported that EETs can interfere with Ca21 influx induced by thapsigargin, a receptor-independent Ca21 agonist, and thrombin, a receptor-dependent agonist.17,26,27 However, 14,15-EET did not alt ...
... EETs appear to produce diverse effects on L-type Ca21 channel activity and Ca21 influx. Previously it was reported that EETs can interfere with Ca21 influx induced by thapsigargin, a receptor-independent Ca21 agonist, and thrombin, a receptor-dependent agonist.17,26,27 However, 14,15-EET did not alt ...
1 22,25 October 2004 Physiology of Locomotion R. B. Huey I. Some
... 1. Aerobic metabolism supplies energy at rest and during low-level activity 2. Fuels -- oxidation of carbon fuels (fats, carbohydrates, amino acids) 3. Very efficient -- 12 to 15 more ATP per mole glucose than anaerobic glycolysis. Also relatively "clean" -- produces water and CO2. 3. The “Bad” -- r ...
... 1. Aerobic metabolism supplies energy at rest and during low-level activity 2. Fuels -- oxidation of carbon fuels (fats, carbohydrates, amino acids) 3. Very efficient -- 12 to 15 more ATP per mole glucose than anaerobic glycolysis. Also relatively "clean" -- produces water and CO2. 3. The “Bad” -- r ...
Lecture 12-14 (Parker) - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... The activities of PFK2 and FBP2 are reciprocally controlled by the phosphorylation of a single serine residue At low glucose levels a rise in the hormone glucagon triggers a cAMP signaling cascade leading to the phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme by protein kinase A. This modification activ ...
... The activities of PFK2 and FBP2 are reciprocally controlled by the phosphorylation of a single serine residue At low glucose levels a rise in the hormone glucagon triggers a cAMP signaling cascade leading to the phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme by protein kinase A. This modification activ ...
Multi-Organ Contribution to the Metabolic Plasma Profile Using
... such as baseline correction, chromatogram alignment, time-window setting and multivariate curve resolution (MCR) [12] were performed using custom scripts. Automatic peak detection and mass spectrum deconvolution with ChromaTof software were performed using a peak width set to 2 s. For the identifica ...
... such as baseline correction, chromatogram alignment, time-window setting and multivariate curve resolution (MCR) [12] were performed using custom scripts. Automatic peak detection and mass spectrum deconvolution with ChromaTof software were performed using a peak width set to 2 s. For the identifica ...
What do you know about Cellular Respiration?
... Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
... Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
Microbial Spoilage and Preservation of Wine: Using Weapons from
... Hydrogen sulphide and volatile sulphur compounds Sulphur-containing compounds play a significant role in the flavour of wine due to their high volatility, reactivity and potency at low threshold values (Schutte, 1975; Rauhut, 1993). These compounds are responsible for off-flavours that have been des ...
... Hydrogen sulphide and volatile sulphur compounds Sulphur-containing compounds play a significant role in the flavour of wine due to their high volatility, reactivity and potency at low threshold values (Schutte, 1975; Rauhut, 1993). These compounds are responsible for off-flavours that have been des ...
Cellular respiration
... hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehyrdrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During r ...
... hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehyrdrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During r ...
Carey_AminoAcids_Pep..
... compounds that contain an —NH2 group and a —CO2H group, these groups are actually present as —NH3+ and —CO2– respectively. They are classified as a, b, g, etc. amino acids according the carbon that bears the nitrogen. ...
... compounds that contain an —NH2 group and a —CO2H group, these groups are actually present as —NH3+ and —CO2– respectively. They are classified as a, b, g, etc. amino acids according the carbon that bears the nitrogen. ...
Isotope fractionations in the biosynthesis of cell components by
... was determined for four different fungi (Rhizopus arrhizus, Mortierella isabellina, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger). Carbon isotope ratios of fungi closely followed that of the substrates. Palmitic acid (C16:0), derived from phospholipids, did not display a large carbon isotope fractionation aga ...
... was determined for four different fungi (Rhizopus arrhizus, Mortierella isabellina, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger). Carbon isotope ratios of fungi closely followed that of the substrates. Palmitic acid (C16:0), derived from phospholipids, did not display a large carbon isotope fractionation aga ...
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from Greek βούτῡρον, meaning ""butter""), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in milk, especially goat, sheep and buffalo milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation (including in the colon and as body odor). It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). It can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (such as dogs) at 10 parts per billion, whereas humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 parts per million.Butyric acid is present in, and is the main distinctive smell of, human vomit.Butyric acid was first observed (in impure form) in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. The name of butyric acid comes from the Latin word for butter, butyrum (or buturum), the substance in which butyric acid was first found.