Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
O 2
... Pyruvate is REDUCED to Lactate and NAD+ is regenerated so respiration can continue. This occurs in muscles in O2 debt (when running hard) until the debt is repaid (when you slow down) AP Biology ...
... Pyruvate is REDUCED to Lactate and NAD+ is regenerated so respiration can continue. This occurs in muscles in O2 debt (when running hard) until the debt is repaid (when you slow down) AP Biology ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic fl ...
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic fl ...
Direction of Krebs cycle Which way does the citric acid cycle turn
... (Des Rosiers C. et al., 1994), (Comte et al., 2002) which is NAD+-dependent, and considered irreversible (Gabriel et al., 1986). Splice variants have also been identified (Okamoto et al., 2003), (Kim et al., 1999). IDH1, which is NADP+-dependent and reversible (Londesborough and Dalziel, 1968) is ex ...
... (Des Rosiers C. et al., 1994), (Comte et al., 2002) which is NAD+-dependent, and considered irreversible (Gabriel et al., 1986). Splice variants have also been identified (Okamoto et al., 2003), (Kim et al., 1999). IDH1, which is NADP+-dependent and reversible (Londesborough and Dalziel, 1968) is ex ...
... PCR was performed using Phusion Hot Start high-fidelity DNA polymerase (Finnzymes Oy, Espoo, Finland) according to manufacturer specifications and in a Biometra TGradient thermocycler (Biometra, Göttingen, Germany) with 25 cycles of 10-s denaturation at 98°C and 30-s annealing and extension at 72°C ...
... are life-threatening for individuals who are immunesuppressed, including AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and chemotherapy and transplant surgery. Selective inhibition of the enzymes of this pathway by appropriate substrate analog to develop new antifungal drugs that are more effective and less toxic and ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... 22. a. Creatine phosphate and anaerobic metabolism is more important when sprinting very fast for a short distance because it provides small amounts of ATP quickly, without the need for oxygen. b. When slow jogging for a long distance aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) i ...
... 22. a. Creatine phosphate and anaerobic metabolism is more important when sprinting very fast for a short distance because it provides small amounts of ATP quickly, without the need for oxygen. b. When slow jogging for a long distance aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) i ...
Absorption, hepatic metabolism and mammary
... glucose (65%). Mammary de novo fatty acid synthesis was 24% and combined with the cost of de novo fatty acid synthesis it utilized 37% of the mammary extracted glucose. All in all, glucose is the main energy source for lactating sows and an adequate starch intake is important for proper milk product ...
... glucose (65%). Mammary de novo fatty acid synthesis was 24% and combined with the cost of de novo fatty acid synthesis it utilized 37% of the mammary extracted glucose. All in all, glucose is the main energy source for lactating sows and an adequate starch intake is important for proper milk product ...
Glycolysis
... Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to: 1- Provide energy in the form of ATP (main function) 2- Provide intermediates for other metabolic pathways. It occurs in cytosols of all tissues All sugars can be converted to glucose & thus can be metabolized by glycolysis. ...
... Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to: 1- Provide energy in the form of ATP (main function) 2- Provide intermediates for other metabolic pathways. It occurs in cytosols of all tissues All sugars can be converted to glucose & thus can be metabolized by glycolysis. ...
Past Exam Questions - Intermediate School Biology
... 6. Answer the following in relation to an experiment to prepare and show the presence of ethanol using yeast. (i) Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol (ii) What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation? (iii) Describe the control that you used in this experiment ...
... 6. Answer the following in relation to an experiment to prepare and show the presence of ethanol using yeast. (i) Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol (ii) What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation? (iii) Describe the control that you used in this experiment ...
Muscle Metabolism - Interactive Physiology
... reticulum will act as a hydrolytic enzyme when it hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi. The energy released is used to change the shape of the pump allowing the calcium ions to go back into the SR. • During the reaction, the water (shown in blue) breaks the high energy bond between the last two phosphate ...
... reticulum will act as a hydrolytic enzyme when it hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi. The energy released is used to change the shape of the pump allowing the calcium ions to go back into the SR. • During the reaction, the water (shown in blue) breaks the high energy bond between the last two phosphate ...
Respiration
... krebs cycle) are stored in the matrix 1. NADH releases protons and electrons on the matrix side A. Protons are pumped into the intermembrance space B. Electrons are transported across the membrane using ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) and cytochrome C ...
... krebs cycle) are stored in the matrix 1. NADH releases protons and electrons on the matrix side A. Protons are pumped into the intermembrance space B. Electrons are transported across the membrane using ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) and cytochrome C ...
Document
... The results indicated that there were significant differences (p<0.05) among walnut genotypes sampled from Gumushane provinces for all fruit physic-chemical characteristics (Table 1). Fruit weight and kernel ratio of walnut genotypes ranged from 7.43 (G-7) to 12.61 g (G-11) and 45.10 (G-10) to 57.83 ...
... The results indicated that there were significant differences (p<0.05) among walnut genotypes sampled from Gumushane provinces for all fruit physic-chemical characteristics (Table 1). Fruit weight and kernel ratio of walnut genotypes ranged from 7.43 (G-7) to 12.61 g (G-11) and 45.10 (G-10) to 57.83 ...
Tetracycline Antibiotics
... Stable chelate complexes are formed by the tetracyclines with many metals, including calcium, magnesium, and iron. Such chelates are usually very insoluble in water. The affinity of tetracyclines for calcium causes them to incorporated into newly forming bones and teeth as tetracycline-calcium ortho ...
... Stable chelate complexes are formed by the tetracyclines with many metals, including calcium, magnesium, and iron. Such chelates are usually very insoluble in water. The affinity of tetracyclines for calcium causes them to incorporated into newly forming bones and teeth as tetracycline-calcium ortho ...
Key enzymes in glycolysis
... Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to: 1- Provide energy in the form of ATP (main function) 2- Provide intermediates for other metabolic pathways. It occurs in cytosols of all tissues All sugars can be converted to glucose & thus can be metabolized by glycolysis. ...
... Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to: 1- Provide energy in the form of ATP (main function) 2- Provide intermediates for other metabolic pathways. It occurs in cytosols of all tissues All sugars can be converted to glucose & thus can be metabolized by glycolysis. ...
Fermentation of lignocellulosic material
... raw materials, and based on this are classified as 1 st generation and 2 nd generation. This research work dealt with 2nd generation bioethanol using lignocellulosics as raw material. Lignocellulosic material is an abundant, non-edible raw material that can be converted to ethanol using the yeast Sa ...
... raw materials, and based on this are classified as 1 st generation and 2 nd generation. This research work dealt with 2nd generation bioethanol using lignocellulosics as raw material. Lignocellulosic material is an abundant, non-edible raw material that can be converted to ethanol using the yeast Sa ...
Confessions of a
... Yeasts, lactic-acid, and acetic-acid bacteria grow during which high temperatures of up to 50 degrees C and microbial products, such as ethanol, lactic acid, and acetic acid are ...
... Yeasts, lactic-acid, and acetic-acid bacteria grow during which high temperatures of up to 50 degrees C and microbial products, such as ethanol, lactic acid, and acetic acid are ...
Relative Reactivity of Amino Acids with Chlorine
... and sodium azide) and HPLC-grade acetonitrile. The gradient of the three components was programmed as 100% eluent A at 0 min, 99% eluent A and 1% acetonitrile at 0.5 min, 95% eluent A and 5% acetonitrile at 18 min, 91% eluent A and 9% acetonitrile at 19 min, 83% eluent A and 9% acetonitrile at 32 mi ...
... and sodium azide) and HPLC-grade acetonitrile. The gradient of the three components was programmed as 100% eluent A at 0 min, 99% eluent A and 1% acetonitrile at 0.5 min, 95% eluent A and 5% acetonitrile at 18 min, 91% eluent A and 9% acetonitrile at 19 min, 83% eluent A and 9% acetonitrile at 32 mi ...
Exploring Anaerobic Bacteria for Industrial
... building blocks, comparable to “Lego® pieces”, for the industrial production of several items. These compounds can replace oil-based products. Moreover, microorganisms can also produce fuels, for example ethanol. Among the vast diversity of microorganisms, anaerobic bacteria (which thrive in environ ...
... building blocks, comparable to “Lego® pieces”, for the industrial production of several items. These compounds can replace oil-based products. Moreover, microorganisms can also produce fuels, for example ethanol. Among the vast diversity of microorganisms, anaerobic bacteria (which thrive in environ ...
Fritz Lipmann - National Academy of Sciences
... of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Preparations from this organism were found to contain two cofactors: thiamine pyrophosphate and flavin adenine dinucleotide. A more important observation was that the reaction proceeded only in the presence of inorganic phosphate. Unlike the glycolytic enzymes of yeast, ...
... of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Preparations from this organism were found to contain two cofactors: thiamine pyrophosphate and flavin adenine dinucleotide. A more important observation was that the reaction proceeded only in the presence of inorganic phosphate. Unlike the glycolytic enzymes of yeast, ...
2 H + 1 / 2 O 2
... by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
... by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
Properties and Kinetic Analysis of UDP
... UDP-glucuronic acid is used by many pathogenic bacteria in the construction of an antiphagocytic capsule that is required for virulence. The enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase catalyzes the NAD1-dependent 2-fold oxidation of UDP-glucose and provides a source of the acid. In the present study the recom ...
... UDP-glucuronic acid is used by many pathogenic bacteria in the construction of an antiphagocytic capsule that is required for virulence. The enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase catalyzes the NAD1-dependent 2-fold oxidation of UDP-glucose and provides a source of the acid. In the present study the recom ...
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from Greek βούτῡρον, meaning ""butter""), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in milk, especially goat, sheep and buffalo milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation (including in the colon and as body odor). It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). It can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (such as dogs) at 10 parts per billion, whereas humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 parts per million.Butyric acid is present in, and is the main distinctive smell of, human vomit.Butyric acid was first observed (in impure form) in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. The name of butyric acid comes from the Latin word for butter, butyrum (or buturum), the substance in which butyric acid was first found.