22: Peptides, Proteins, and
... Hydrophobic Bonding. A major influence on the shape and stability of a protein is the desire of nonpolar amino acid side chains to minimize their exposure to H2 O. This leads them to the interior of a protein where they interact with each other by hydrophobic bonding. For example, nonpolar alkyl gro ...
... Hydrophobic Bonding. A major influence on the shape and stability of a protein is the desire of nonpolar amino acid side chains to minimize their exposure to H2 O. This leads them to the interior of a protein where they interact with each other by hydrophobic bonding. For example, nonpolar alkyl gro ...
Safe List - South Florida Celiac Support Group
... color additive caramel is the dark-brown liquid or solid material resulting from the carefully controlled heat treatment of the following food-grade carbohydrates: Dextrose (corn sugar), invert sugar, lactose (milk sugar), malt syrup (usually from barley malt), molasses (from cane), starch hydrolysa ...
... color additive caramel is the dark-brown liquid or solid material resulting from the carefully controlled heat treatment of the following food-grade carbohydrates: Dextrose (corn sugar), invert sugar, lactose (milk sugar), malt syrup (usually from barley malt), molasses (from cane), starch hydrolysa ...
glucuronidation of opioids, carboxylic acid
... UGT isoforms. UGTs that are members of the UGT1 gene complex share common second through fifth exons, with at least 12 separate first exons coding for proteins with unique amino-terminal domains (2). In contrast, gene products of the UGT2 family appear to be transcribed from unique genes (3, 4). Alt ...
... UGT isoforms. UGTs that are members of the UGT1 gene complex share common second through fifth exons, with at least 12 separate first exons coding for proteins with unique amino-terminal domains (2). In contrast, gene products of the UGT2 family appear to be transcribed from unique genes (3, 4). Alt ...
Chromatin Condensing Functions of the Linker Histone C
... that intrinsically disordered domains contain short primary sequence elements imbedded within the domain (24-26). In addition, interesting attributes related to amino acid composition have been observed, such as reduced levels of hydrophobic residues and increased levels of charged residues (21, 27) ...
... that intrinsically disordered domains contain short primary sequence elements imbedded within the domain (24-26). In addition, interesting attributes related to amino acid composition have been observed, such as reduced levels of hydrophobic residues and increased levels of charged residues (21, 27) ...
medical chemistry and biochemistry
... 1. Describe the overall purpose of gluconeogenesis, its reactants and products, its cellular localization, and its tissue distribution. 2. Differentiate the enzymes involved in glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis. 3. Explain the contribution of gluconeogenesis to blood glucose regulation. 4. Describe the ...
... 1. Describe the overall purpose of gluconeogenesis, its reactants and products, its cellular localization, and its tissue distribution. 2. Differentiate the enzymes involved in glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis. 3. Explain the contribution of gluconeogenesis to blood glucose regulation. 4. Describe the ...
Cellular Respiration - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... anaerobic process that produces a limited amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen. In animal cells, including human cells, pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, is reduced by NADH to lactate (Fig. 8.5). Depending on their particular enzymes, bacteria vary as to whether they produce an organic acid ...
... anaerobic process that produces a limited amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen. In animal cells, including human cells, pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, is reduced by NADH to lactate (Fig. 8.5). Depending on their particular enzymes, bacteria vary as to whether they produce an organic acid ...
Exact and pattern searching of protein sequences
... annotations (NTE). The sequence length of answers is the same as the length of the query sequence. ...
... annotations (NTE). The sequence length of answers is the same as the length of the query sequence. ...
22. pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
... 2. Second stage: Citric acid cycle or Acetyl CoA catabolism In this stage, the acetyl groups so obtained are fed into the citric acid cycle ( = Krebs' cycle) which degrades them to yield energy-rich hydrogen atoms and to release CO2, the final oxidation pruduct of organic fuels. It is, thus, the fin ...
... 2. Second stage: Citric acid cycle or Acetyl CoA catabolism In this stage, the acetyl groups so obtained are fed into the citric acid cycle ( = Krebs' cycle) which degrades them to yield energy-rich hydrogen atoms and to release CO2, the final oxidation pruduct of organic fuels. It is, thus, the fin ...
Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation: The Basics
... H+ ions and retaining HCO3- ions. As a result, pH rises towards normal and HCO3concentration rises above normal. Renal compensation (also called metabolic compensation) to respiratory acidosis is a slow process. Compensation is not obvious for several hours and takes 4 days to complete. Even then co ...
... H+ ions and retaining HCO3- ions. As a result, pH rises towards normal and HCO3concentration rises above normal. Renal compensation (also called metabolic compensation) to respiratory acidosis is a slow process. Compensation is not obvious for several hours and takes 4 days to complete. Even then co ...
Why should we study B12 and Folate? Deficiencies in both are still
... o Folate is transported as methyl-THF and only methionine synthase can use methyl-THF Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase Converts Methylmalonyl CoA that is generated during branched amino acid metabolism (among ...
... o Folate is transported as methyl-THF and only methionine synthase can use methyl-THF Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase Converts Methylmalonyl CoA that is generated during branched amino acid metabolism (among ...
Study on the degradability of poly(ester amide)s derived from the... acids glycine, and l-alanine containing a variable amide/ester ratio
... inclusion of a-amino acids may enhance susceptibility to degradation with proteolytic enzymes and in general, biodegradability. Sequential poly(ester amide)s with the unit repeat ±[NHCH(R)CO±O(CH2)mO±COCH(R)NH± CO(CH2)nCO]± can be easily synthesized by a two-step procedure based on an interfacial po ...
... inclusion of a-amino acids may enhance susceptibility to degradation with proteolytic enzymes and in general, biodegradability. Sequential poly(ester amide)s with the unit repeat ±[NHCH(R)CO±O(CH2)mO±COCH(R)NH± CO(CH2)nCO]± can be easily synthesized by a two-step procedure based on an interfacial po ...
Amino Acid Sequences of Peptides from a Tryptic Digest of a Urea
... material, designated by the letter R, was removed by centrifuging, washed with water, ethanol and ether, and dried. Soluble material was applied to the column, which was eluted at the rate of 8ml./hr. with the pyridine-formic acid buffers indicated in Table 1. Peptides were located in the effluent f ...
... material, designated by the letter R, was removed by centrifuging, washed with water, ethanol and ether, and dried. Soluble material was applied to the column, which was eluted at the rate of 8ml./hr. with the pyridine-formic acid buffers indicated in Table 1. Peptides were located in the effluent f ...
New lysosomal acid lipase gene mutants explain the phenotype of
... activity (10, 14), direct proof of this hypothesis is still lacking. Furthermore, as the cholesteryl esterase and triacylglycerol lipase activities of LAL can be separated (15, 16), it is also conceivable that some LAL mutants could selectively retain a residual activity toward one of these two subs ...
... activity (10, 14), direct proof of this hypothesis is still lacking. Furthermore, as the cholesteryl esterase and triacylglycerol lipase activities of LAL can be separated (15, 16), it is also conceivable that some LAL mutants could selectively retain a residual activity toward one of these two subs ...
video slide - Green River Community College
... by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
... by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
Chapter 5
... really anything to write home about. Furthermore, although the NADH and pyruvate can participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in aerobic eukaryotic situations to generate a significant amount of ATP, in anaerobic situations, they do not produce usable energy. Thus anaerobic ATP production, i.e. g ...
... really anything to write home about. Furthermore, although the NADH and pyruvate can participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in aerobic eukaryotic situations to generate a significant amount of ATP, in anaerobic situations, they do not produce usable energy. Thus anaerobic ATP production, i.e. g ...
Glucose utilization by Streptomyces griseus
... principal carbohydrate with certain carbohydrates from the soybean mealsucrose, raffinose,stachyose (Street & Bailey, 1915; Sato, 1921). After sterilization some material resembling fructose is present. Cultures were harvested in triplicate at regular intervals and the residual carbohydrate determin ...
... principal carbohydrate with certain carbohydrates from the soybean mealsucrose, raffinose,stachyose (Street & Bailey, 1915; Sato, 1921). After sterilization some material resembling fructose is present. Cultures were harvested in triplicate at regular intervals and the residual carbohydrate determin ...
Evolution of Amino Acid Metabolism Inferred through Cladistic
... In 1945 Horowitz (14) postulated that the earliest biosynthetic pathways evolved in a backward direction if life began in a rich soup of organic molecules. If primitive cells were using a particular external nutrient, soon this organic molecule would be depleted in the environment. A selective advan ...
... In 1945 Horowitz (14) postulated that the earliest biosynthetic pathways evolved in a backward direction if life began in a rich soup of organic molecules. If primitive cells were using a particular external nutrient, soon this organic molecule would be depleted in the environment. A selective advan ...
9. Wakil, S. J., Green, DE, Mii, S., and Mahler, HR (1954) Studies on
... extended his studies of fatty acid biosynthesis to the Eschericia coli and identified the individual enzymes that constitute the pathway for fatty acid synthesis in bacteria which offering additional weights into the construction of fatty acid chains in animals. Using the bacterial system, he helped ...
... extended his studies of fatty acid biosynthesis to the Eschericia coli and identified the individual enzymes that constitute the pathway for fatty acid synthesis in bacteria which offering additional weights into the construction of fatty acid chains in animals. Using the bacterial system, he helped ...
Cholesterol
... LYSOLECITHIN + CHOLESTEROL ESTER • LCAT is activated by apo-A1 and deficiency in LCAT means that HDL can’t take ...
... LYSOLECITHIN + CHOLESTEROL ESTER • LCAT is activated by apo-A1 and deficiency in LCAT means that HDL can’t take ...
1 Excess of free fatty acids as a cause of metabolic
... skeletal muscle strongly correlates with IR (Pan et al. 1997; Krssak et al. 1999); but this is true mainly in untrained individuals. Endurance-trained athletes are often extremely insulin sensitive despite a high content of IMTG and this observation has been referred to as the athlete’s paradox (Goo ...
... skeletal muscle strongly correlates with IR (Pan et al. 1997; Krssak et al. 1999); but this is true mainly in untrained individuals. Endurance-trained athletes are often extremely insulin sensitive despite a high content of IMTG and this observation has been referred to as the athlete’s paradox (Goo ...
Excess of Free Fatty Acids as a Cause of Metabolic
... induction of IR is not the amount of fat itself but its composition, i.e. the types of dietary FFA (Vessby et al. 2001, Riccardi et al. 2004). This and other intervention studies in humans (Lovejoy et al. 2002) indicated that saturated fat significantly worsens insulin sensitivity, whereas monounsat ...
... induction of IR is not the amount of fat itself but its composition, i.e. the types of dietary FFA (Vessby et al. 2001, Riccardi et al. 2004). This and other intervention studies in humans (Lovejoy et al. 2002) indicated that saturated fat significantly worsens insulin sensitivity, whereas monounsat ...
Chapter 9
... The Pathway of Electron Transport • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to brea ...
... The Pathway of Electron Transport • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to brea ...
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from Greek βούτῡρον, meaning ""butter""), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in milk, especially goat, sheep and buffalo milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation (including in the colon and as body odor). It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). It can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (such as dogs) at 10 parts per billion, whereas humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 parts per million.Butyric acid is present in, and is the main distinctive smell of, human vomit.Butyric acid was first observed (in impure form) in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. The name of butyric acid comes from the Latin word for butter, butyrum (or buturum), the substance in which butyric acid was first found.