Metabolic Engineering for Production of Complex Lipids in Tobacco
... high-erucic rapeseed oil are specially produced for some specific non-food applications (Vanhercke et al., 2013b). Plant oils are composed almost entirely of TAGs containing three of the major five fatty acids listed above (Figure 2). However, with some exceptions plants can produce different lipid ...
... high-erucic rapeseed oil are specially produced for some specific non-food applications (Vanhercke et al., 2013b). Plant oils are composed almost entirely of TAGs containing three of the major five fatty acids listed above (Figure 2). However, with some exceptions plants can produce different lipid ...
enzymes lecture 3
... [I] and [S] may combine at different sites of the enzyme, so formation of both [El] and [EIS] complexes is possible. Since [EIS] may break down to form product at a slower rate than [ES] complex, the reaction may be slowed but not stopped. Irreversible non competitive inhibition decreases Vmax b ...
... [I] and [S] may combine at different sites of the enzyme, so formation of both [El] and [EIS] complexes is possible. Since [EIS] may break down to form product at a slower rate than [ES] complex, the reaction may be slowed but not stopped. Irreversible non competitive inhibition decreases Vmax b ...
Acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... regenerated when NADH ultimately transfers its electrons to O2 through the electron transport chain in mitochondria In the overall reaction, the carboxyl group of pyruvate is lost as CO2 while the remaining two carbons form the acetyl moiety of acetyl-CoA generation of a reduced electron carrier (NA ...
... regenerated when NADH ultimately transfers its electrons to O2 through the electron transport chain in mitochondria In the overall reaction, the carboxyl group of pyruvate is lost as CO2 while the remaining two carbons form the acetyl moiety of acetyl-CoA generation of a reduced electron carrier (NA ...
Symbiotic bacteria enable insect to use a nutritionally inadequate diet
... their biosynthetic capabilities are limited. The capacity of aphids to use plant phloem sap, with low essential amino acid content, has been attributed to their symbiotic bacteria, Buchnera aphidicola, which can synthesize these nutrients; but this has not been demonstrated empirically. We demonstra ...
... their biosynthetic capabilities are limited. The capacity of aphids to use plant phloem sap, with low essential amino acid content, has been attributed to their symbiotic bacteria, Buchnera aphidicola, which can synthesize these nutrients; but this has not been demonstrated empirically. We demonstra ...
Metabolic Flux Analysis on the Production of Poly(3 - Wiley-VCH
... the flux control coefficients and response coefficients, one can propose which enzymatic reaction step is rate controlling (e.g., a reaction step with high flux control coefficient is the rate-controlling step), and also predict the results of deviations in certain enzymatic reactions. Readers are e ...
... the flux control coefficients and response coefficients, one can propose which enzymatic reaction step is rate controlling (e.g., a reaction step with high flux control coefficient is the rate-controlling step), and also predict the results of deviations in certain enzymatic reactions. Readers are e ...
22: Peptides, Proteins, and α
... Proteins are a major class of bioorganic molecules present in all organisms. They contain one or more polypeptide chains with the repeating general structure -(NH-CHR-C(=O))-. These repeating units come from 20 different chiral α-amino acids with the general structure H2 NCHR-CO2 H. The R groups pla ...
... Proteins are a major class of bioorganic molecules present in all organisms. They contain one or more polypeptide chains with the repeating general structure -(NH-CHR-C(=O))-. These repeating units come from 20 different chiral α-amino acids with the general structure H2 NCHR-CO2 H. The R groups pla ...
Cellular Respiration: Supplying Energy to Metabolic Reactions
... ATP also provides the necessary activation energy to * Synthesise organic compounds (endergonic, anabolic reactions) * Speed up many exergonic, catabolic reactions. You use HEAPS of ATP. Here are some estimates * 10 million molecules per muscle cell per second! * The average vertebrate consumes its ...
... ATP also provides the necessary activation energy to * Synthesise organic compounds (endergonic, anabolic reactions) * Speed up many exergonic, catabolic reactions. You use HEAPS of ATP. Here are some estimates * 10 million molecules per muscle cell per second! * The average vertebrate consumes its ...
Chapter 25
... fatty acid synthase. Malonyl has another regulatory role in fatty acid metabolism: it inhibits carnitine acyltransferase the enzyme responsible for fatty acid uptake by the mitochondria. As malonyl-CoA levels fall, carnitine acyltransferase will cause an increased uptake of fatty acids into the mito ...
... fatty acid synthase. Malonyl has another regulatory role in fatty acid metabolism: it inhibits carnitine acyltransferase the enzyme responsible for fatty acid uptake by the mitochondria. As malonyl-CoA levels fall, carnitine acyltransferase will cause an increased uptake of fatty acids into the mito ...
Ox bile, dried
... salts. The bile salts in fresh bile are mainly totally conjugated as peptides formed from bile acid, glycine or taurine. The selective activity of fully conjugated bile acids is less than that of free acids. Deoxycholic acid is the most active of the bile acids. Bacterial enzymes hydrolyse bile conj ...
... salts. The bile salts in fresh bile are mainly totally conjugated as peptides formed from bile acid, glycine or taurine. The selective activity of fully conjugated bile acids is less than that of free acids. Deoxycholic acid is the most active of the bile acids. Bacterial enzymes hydrolyse bile conj ...
Fatty acid synthase inhibitors of phenolic constituents
... food intake and leads to dramatic weight-loss in mice, suggesting that FAS not only functions in providing metabolic substrates, but also plays a role in satiety signaling.4 It has also been reported that inhibition of FAS, by either knockdown of FAS gene with siRNA or inactivation of FAS leads to c ...
... food intake and leads to dramatic weight-loss in mice, suggesting that FAS not only functions in providing metabolic substrates, but also plays a role in satiety signaling.4 It has also been reported that inhibition of FAS, by either knockdown of FAS gene with siRNA or inactivation of FAS leads to c ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Thiobacillus
... during chemosynthesis (or autotrophy), the levels of all the enzymes involved would decrease; this was indeed the case in Thiobacillus denitrijicans and for most of the enzymes in Thiobacillus-A2grown autotrophically. Surprising is the absence of succinyl CoA synthetase in both organisms, under auto ...
... during chemosynthesis (or autotrophy), the levels of all the enzymes involved would decrease; this was indeed the case in Thiobacillus denitrijicans and for most of the enzymes in Thiobacillus-A2grown autotrophically. Surprising is the absence of succinyl CoA synthetase in both organisms, under auto ...
Full Text - IDOSI Publications
... species [39]. In the present study, palm pollen grains were analyzed for their contents of 17 of the most quantitatively important amino acids. Data obtained are given in Table 4 showed that palm pollen grains contained 8 essential amino acids and 9 nonessential amino acids. The major essential amin ...
... species [39]. In the present study, palm pollen grains were analyzed for their contents of 17 of the most quantitatively important amino acids. Data obtained are given in Table 4 showed that palm pollen grains contained 8 essential amino acids and 9 nonessential amino acids. The major essential amin ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... There are three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis. These are lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration. Fermentation takes place under anaerobic conditions in many prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. For the complete oxi ...
... There are three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis. These are lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration. Fermentation takes place under anaerobic conditions in many prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. For the complete oxi ...
Propionate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... Aerobic, glucose-limited chemostat of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 cometabolized propionate when this compound was added t o the reservoir medium. Co-metabolism of propionate led to an increase of the biomass and protein yields. Attempts to grow 5. cerevisiae on propionate as a sole source of c ...
... Aerobic, glucose-limited chemostat of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 cometabolized propionate when this compound was added t o the reservoir medium. Co-metabolism of propionate led to an increase of the biomass and protein yields. Attempts to grow 5. cerevisiae on propionate as a sole source of c ...
Metabolomics - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
... Specialized carrier proteins catalyze the transport of nucleotides, amino acids, inorganic ions, fatty acids, keto acids, and cofactors across the impermeable mitochondrial inner membrane. These transport steps are important to maintain a separate inner mitochondrial pool and micromilieu for ATP pro ...
... Specialized carrier proteins catalyze the transport of nucleotides, amino acids, inorganic ions, fatty acids, keto acids, and cofactors across the impermeable mitochondrial inner membrane. These transport steps are important to maintain a separate inner mitochondrial pool and micromilieu for ATP pro ...
End-product control of enzymes of branched
... been ascribed to genes; ' i l v A ' and ' p h e A ' in the description of the latter strain do not therefore imply specific genes. Results reported below show that 966 is not deficient in AHAS.) Media and growth conditions. Growth was in all cases at 30 OC. Spores of S.coelicolor strains grown on R5 ...
... been ascribed to genes; ' i l v A ' and ' p h e A ' in the description of the latter strain do not therefore imply specific genes. Results reported below show that 966 is not deficient in AHAS.) Media and growth conditions. Growth was in all cases at 30 OC. Spores of S.coelicolor strains grown on R5 ...
Organic Chemistry/Fourth Edition: e-Text
... to be separated according to their molecular weight. On an analytical scale, it is used to estimate the molecular weight of a protein by comparing its electrophoretic mobility with that of proteins of known molecular weight. Later, in Section 27.29, we will see how gel electrophoresis is used in nuc ...
... to be separated according to their molecular weight. On an analytical scale, it is used to estimate the molecular weight of a protein by comparing its electrophoretic mobility with that of proteins of known molecular weight. Later, in Section 27.29, we will see how gel electrophoresis is used in nuc ...
Porphyrin Metabolism & Porphyrias
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
PDF Full-text
... properties [1–4]. It has been widely used in high quality textile industries, but has recently played a significant role in the medical materials for surgical sutures and as a wound dressing with respect to membranes [5,6]. It has been known that silk mainly consists of two proteins whereby fibroin ...
... properties [1–4]. It has been widely used in high quality textile industries, but has recently played a significant role in the medical materials for surgical sutures and as a wound dressing with respect to membranes [5,6]. It has been known that silk mainly consists of two proteins whereby fibroin ...
Emerging technology for fermenting D-xylose
... The aerobic fermentation of D-xylose by C. tropicalis is similar in some ways to the Custers or Kluyver effects. As mentioned previously, this organism (along with several less well documented Candida species) will produce small amounts of ethanol from xylose under aerobic (or microaerobic) conditio ...
... The aerobic fermentation of D-xylose by C. tropicalis is similar in some ways to the Custers or Kluyver effects. As mentioned previously, this organism (along with several less well documented Candida species) will produce small amounts of ethanol from xylose under aerobic (or microaerobic) conditio ...
Document
... • Activation of fatty acids occurring in the cytosol • Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria • Beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial matrix • Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body. • Brain, erythrocytes and adrenal medulla cannot utilize fatty acids for energy require ...
... • Activation of fatty acids occurring in the cytosol • Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria • Beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial matrix • Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body. • Brain, erythrocytes and adrenal medulla cannot utilize fatty acids for energy require ...
ATP
... The addition of each phosphate molecule requires 30.6 kJ of energy. If less than this, energy cannot be stored as ATP but lost as heat. ATP is a means of transferring free energy from energy-rich compounds to cellular reactions requiring it. It is by far the most abundant and the most important ener ...
... The addition of each phosphate molecule requires 30.6 kJ of energy. If less than this, energy cannot be stored as ATP but lost as heat. ATP is a means of transferring free energy from energy-rich compounds to cellular reactions requiring it. It is by far the most abundant and the most important ener ...
Metabolism and Nutrition VI: Enzymes
... the North Carolina Poultry Industry and rising high school juniors in order to provide students with summer internships in the industry while preparing them for the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) necessary to gain college admission. Many students residing in counties that are major broiler, turkey ...
... the North Carolina Poultry Industry and rising high school juniors in order to provide students with summer internships in the industry while preparing them for the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) necessary to gain college admission. Many students residing in counties that are major broiler, turkey ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... Now, the three stages of cellular respirations are: this acetyl CoA production that is from glucose, fatty acid and amino acids. So, this acetyl CoA is playing an important role in the respiratory chain of living cell. Stage 2, acetyl CoA is being oxidized and it starts that and it start the reactio ...
... Now, the three stages of cellular respirations are: this acetyl CoA production that is from glucose, fatty acid and amino acids. So, this acetyl CoA is playing an important role in the respiratory chain of living cell. Stage 2, acetyl CoA is being oxidized and it starts that and it start the reactio ...
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from Greek βούτῡρον, meaning ""butter""), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in milk, especially goat, sheep and buffalo milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation (including in the colon and as body odor). It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). It can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (such as dogs) at 10 parts per billion, whereas humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 parts per million.Butyric acid is present in, and is the main distinctive smell of, human vomit.Butyric acid was first observed (in impure form) in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. The name of butyric acid comes from the Latin word for butter, butyrum (or buturum), the substance in which butyric acid was first found.