PRODUCTION OF PYRUVATE AND LACTATE BY
... High costs of chemical synthesis have prevented the extensive use of pyruvate and lactate for many applications (Li et al. 2001). Fermentation processes using microorganisms have been developed to produce high concentrations of pyruvate and lactate. Metabolic engineering and traditional strategies ...
... High costs of chemical synthesis have prevented the extensive use of pyruvate and lactate for many applications (Li et al. 2001). Fermentation processes using microorganisms have been developed to produce high concentrations of pyruvate and lactate. Metabolic engineering and traditional strategies ...
Investigating the Role of ADP-forming Acetyl-CoA
... Acetate is a common anion in biology and is a major metabolic end product in a variety of organisms. When the incoming carbon flux surpasses the capacity of central metabolic pathways, excess acetyl-CoA will undergo fermentation and recycle CoA. An additional benefit of acetate fermentation is the g ...
... Acetate is a common anion in biology and is a major metabolic end product in a variety of organisms. When the incoming carbon flux surpasses the capacity of central metabolic pathways, excess acetyl-CoA will undergo fermentation and recycle CoA. An additional benefit of acetate fermentation is the g ...
novel aspects of carnitine function and metabolism
... It is generally assumed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are oxidized in mitochondria independently from carnitine. However, the true contribution of the carnitine shuttle to the oxidation of MCFAs has remained elusive. We show that lauric acid, a MCFA, also depends on the carnitine shuttle to ...
... It is generally assumed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are oxidized in mitochondria independently from carnitine. However, the true contribution of the carnitine shuttle to the oxidation of MCFAs has remained elusive. We show that lauric acid, a MCFA, also depends on the carnitine shuttle to ...
The Metabolic Functions of Carnitine in Torulopsis
... The carnitine-responsive yeast strain Torulopsis bacina ATCC 260 14 and the wild-type strain T. bot:ina ATCC 22987 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., USA. Cells were maintained, inocula were prepared and bioautography was done as described by Lewin & Bieber (197 ...
... The carnitine-responsive yeast strain Torulopsis bacina ATCC 260 14 and the wild-type strain T. bot:ina ATCC 22987 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., USA. Cells were maintained, inocula were prepared and bioautography was done as described by Lewin & Bieber (197 ...
Recent Progress in Electrochemical HbA1c Sensors: A Review
... correlation with the values obtained by standard HPLC was found. This protocol may be useful for the routine analysis of HbA1c in clinical laboratories because it does not require sophisticated instruments. Various lectin proteins with different sugar selectivity levels are commercially available fo ...
... correlation with the values obtained by standard HPLC was found. This protocol may be useful for the routine analysis of HbA1c in clinical laboratories because it does not require sophisticated instruments. Various lectin proteins with different sugar selectivity levels are commercially available fo ...
Physiology of Exercise
... Energy for muscular contraction is obtained predominantly by the oxidation in the mitochondria of threecarbon (pyruvate) and two-carbon (acetate) metabolic intermediaries from carbohydrate and fatty acid catabolism (Fig. 2.1). A small additional amount of energy comes from biochemical mechanisms in ...
... Energy for muscular contraction is obtained predominantly by the oxidation in the mitochondria of threecarbon (pyruvate) and two-carbon (acetate) metabolic intermediaries from carbohydrate and fatty acid catabolism (Fig. 2.1). A small additional amount of energy comes from biochemical mechanisms in ...
Manganese
... healthy cartilage and bone. Wound healing Wound healing is a complex process that requires increased production of collagen. Manganese is required for the activation of prolidase, an enzyme that functions to provide the amino acid, proline, for collagen formation in human skin cells. A genetic disor ...
... healthy cartilage and bone. Wound healing Wound healing is a complex process that requires increased production of collagen. Manganese is required for the activation of prolidase, an enzyme that functions to provide the amino acid, proline, for collagen formation in human skin cells. A genetic disor ...
Full Text - American Society of Animal Science
... for ME and for the digestibility of AA, possible deficiencies in other AA, and the use of CP levels different from current practice. Conversely, most of the recent Ile requirement trials were conducted using blood products as a protein source. Spray-dried blood cells (SDBC) have often been used in d ...
... for ME and for the digestibility of AA, possible deficiencies in other AA, and the use of CP levels different from current practice. Conversely, most of the recent Ile requirement trials were conducted using blood products as a protein source. Spray-dried blood cells (SDBC) have often been used in d ...
Product Data Sheet Your assurance of quality®
... vehicle by it’s unique ability to mimic insulin. L-Taurine is a non-essential sulfur containing amino acid with high concentrations found in skeletal muscles and appears to play a role in cellular defenses (cytoprotective) including DNA damage from free radicals produced during exercise. L-Taurine i ...
... vehicle by it’s unique ability to mimic insulin. L-Taurine is a non-essential sulfur containing amino acid with high concentrations found in skeletal muscles and appears to play a role in cellular defenses (cytoprotective) including DNA damage from free radicals produced during exercise. L-Taurine i ...
The metabolic responses of high intensity intermittent exercise in
... effort cycling for 8 s followed by 12s rest (8:12) compared to 24 s of maximal effort cycling followed by 36 s rest (24:36). This study showed that the 24:36 HIIE protocol induced significantly greater, but previously unaccounted for energy loss via heightened urinary lactate and purine excretion co ...
... effort cycling for 8 s followed by 12s rest (8:12) compared to 24 s of maximal effort cycling followed by 36 s rest (24:36). This study showed that the 24:36 HIIE protocol induced significantly greater, but previously unaccounted for energy loss via heightened urinary lactate and purine excretion co ...
Liver-and-Pancreatic
... excreted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with only minimal amounts entering the bloodstream. • Its level rises in the blood when obstructive jaundice (as from gallstones) or hepatic jaundice occurs, • In this case the bilirubin is unable to reach the intestines for excretion and instead, enter t ...
... excreted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with only minimal amounts entering the bloodstream. • Its level rises in the blood when obstructive jaundice (as from gallstones) or hepatic jaundice occurs, • In this case the bilirubin is unable to reach the intestines for excretion and instead, enter t ...
The Proposed Effects of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD
... This evidence implies that as long as the Krebs cycle can continue the enzymes citrate synthase and NAD+ linked isocitrate dehydrogenase are not limiting factors in aerobic metabolism. In the same study it was found that in insect flight muscles the activities of both citrate synthase and NAD+ linke ...
... This evidence implies that as long as the Krebs cycle can continue the enzymes citrate synthase and NAD+ linked isocitrate dehydrogenase are not limiting factors in aerobic metabolism. In the same study it was found that in insect flight muscles the activities of both citrate synthase and NAD+ linke ...
Abstract
... to the content of folate in the diet, or to indirect effects of the folate status on E. coli or C. elegans is still an open question. It would be interesting to test folate supple mentation with axenic medium, where E. coli is elimi nated from the C. elegans diet and the folate content could ...
... to the content of folate in the diet, or to indirect effects of the folate status on E. coli or C. elegans is still an open question. It would be interesting to test folate supple mentation with axenic medium, where E. coli is elimi nated from the C. elegans diet and the folate content could ...
chapter 15: answers to selected problems
... it down, and 9 molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed. 15.39 The total ATP yield is 120 molecules of ATP. 8 cycles of beta oxidation produce 8 NADH + 8 FADH2 9 citric acid cycles produce 27 NADH + 9 FADH2 + 9 ATP We make a total of 8 + 27 = 35 molecules of NADH. 35 NADH x 2.5 = 87.5 molecules of ATP We ...
... it down, and 9 molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed. 15.39 The total ATP yield is 120 molecules of ATP. 8 cycles of beta oxidation produce 8 NADH + 8 FADH2 9 citric acid cycles produce 27 NADH + 9 FADH2 + 9 ATP We make a total of 8 + 27 = 35 molecules of NADH. 35 NADH x 2.5 = 87.5 molecules of ATP We ...
Training Carnitine - Overview
... In metabolically healthy adults, 25 to 35% of normal carnitine requirements are satisfied by endogenous synthesis, the remainder by foods of animal origin. The primary reabsorption of L-carnitine in the small intestine is caused partly by an active and saturable mechanism and partly by a passive, co ...
... In metabolically healthy adults, 25 to 35% of normal carnitine requirements are satisfied by endogenous synthesis, the remainder by foods of animal origin. The primary reabsorption of L-carnitine in the small intestine is caused partly by an active and saturable mechanism and partly by a passive, co ...
Fermentation of Glucose and Xylose to Hydrogen in the Presence of
... I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, technique ...
... I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, technique ...
ASIMETRIK DIMETHYLARGININE Loo Hariyanto Raharjo
... factor is to increase plasma arginine by supplementation with 3gm L-arginine or more. Arginine is not considered an essential nutrient because it is formed in human tissues as an intermediate in the urea cycle. Thus, the ubiquitous amino acid glutamate is transformed to citrulline that combines with ...
... factor is to increase plasma arginine by supplementation with 3gm L-arginine or more. Arginine is not considered an essential nutrient because it is formed in human tissues as an intermediate in the urea cycle. Thus, the ubiquitous amino acid glutamate is transformed to citrulline that combines with ...
Application of Synthetic Biology for Biopolymer
... Plastics are versatile, cheap and durable materials that are omnipresent in modern society. Since most of them are derived from crude oil and are not biodegradable, their production leads to the depletion of fossil fuels and the accumulation of enormous amounts of plastic waste that pollutes ecosyst ...
... Plastics are versatile, cheap and durable materials that are omnipresent in modern society. Since most of them are derived from crude oil and are not biodegradable, their production leads to the depletion of fossil fuels and the accumulation of enormous amounts of plastic waste that pollutes ecosyst ...
PDF - Circulation Research
... Given that the heart is a metabolically versatile organ capable of utilizing a large range of substrates, the main features of cardiac metabolic networks merit a brief review. For more detail, please refer to the literature listed in the Appendix. Metabolic networks for the utilization of energy-pro ...
... Given that the heart is a metabolically versatile organ capable of utilizing a large range of substrates, the main features of cardiac metabolic networks merit a brief review. For more detail, please refer to the literature listed in the Appendix. Metabolic networks for the utilization of energy-pro ...
CX3 creatine
... providing a transport vehicle by it’s unique ability to mimic insulin. L-Taurine is a non-essential sulfur containing amino acid with high concentrations found in skeletal muscles and appears to play a role in cellular defenses (cytoprotective) including DNA damage from free radical produced during ...
... providing a transport vehicle by it’s unique ability to mimic insulin. L-Taurine is a non-essential sulfur containing amino acid with high concentrations found in skeletal muscles and appears to play a role in cellular defenses (cytoprotective) including DNA damage from free radical produced during ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.