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Teaching Modern Physics - IMSA Digital Commons
Teaching Modern Physics - IMSA Digital Commons

o  Atoms in magnetic fields: Normal Zeeman effect Anomalous Zeeman effect
o  Atoms in magnetic fields: Normal Zeeman effect Anomalous Zeeman effect

- IMSA Digital Commons
- IMSA Digital Commons

... mutually inconsistent – knowledge of one invalidates knowledge of the other. For example, if you measure the x spin of a particle, then measure the y spin, then measure the x spin again, you may get a different answer Position and momentum are incompatible observables – hence, the Heisenberg uncerta ...
Ramsay_20_01_09
Ramsay_20_01_09

E0160: The calculation of Z(T ) for AB and AA...
E0160: The calculation of Z(T ) for AB and AA...

Two-particle systems
Two-particle systems

... mechanics, you simply can't say which electron is which as you can not put any labels on them to tell them apart. There are two possible ways to deal with indistinguishable particles, i.e. to construct two-particle wave function that is non committal to which particle is in which state: ...
Besombes - International Conference on Quantum Dots (QD 2012)
Besombes - International Conference on Quantum Dots (QD 2012)

Δk/k
Δk/k

... In the Bohr model, this quantization may pictorially be linked to the requirement that the rotating particle must form a standing matter wave: Moreover, as the Stern-Gerlach effect shows (and as the Dirac equation describes), particles may carry spin angular momentum s, quantized to s  s(s  1) , ...
Quantum Magnetic Dipoles and Angular Momenta in SI Units
Quantum Magnetic Dipoles and Angular Momenta in SI Units

syllabus
syllabus

in-class worksheet
in-class worksheet

Identical Particles
Identical Particles

... The results that we have just obtained for the independent particle approximation to the helium atom illustrate a more general result, related to the Spin-Statistics Theorem and known as the Pauli Exclusion Principle which states No two identical fermions can be in the same quantum state For example ...
Spin and Pauli`s Principle
Spin and Pauli`s Principle

Particles and interactions
Particles and interactions

... By the end of this topic you should be able to: •state the meaning of the term elementary particle; •identify the three classes of elementary, the quarks, the leptons and the exchange particles; •understand the meaning of quantum numbers; •state the meaning of the term antiparticle; •classify partic ...
Lecture 29B - UCSD Department of Physics
Lecture 29B - UCSD Department of Physics

... Suppose a weak magnetic field is applied to an atom and its direction coincides with z axis. Then direction of the angular momentum vector relative to the z axis is quantized! ...
Quantum Cloud Model
Quantum Cloud Model

Spinning Spins - Journal Club for Condensed Matter Physics
Spinning Spins - Journal Club for Condensed Matter Physics

Physics Qualifying Examination – Part I  7-Minute Questions February 7, 2015
Physics Qualifying Examination – Part I 7-Minute Questions February 7, 2015

Path Integrals and the Weak Force
Path Integrals and the Weak Force

The Quantum Mechanics of MRI
The Quantum Mechanics of MRI

... • Pauli’s exclusion principle ensures that many shells are filled. • Nuclei with uneven (even) atomic number have half-integer (integer) spin • Nuclei with even atomic and mass numbers have zero spin. • Unpaired neutrons/protons provide the spin for MRI. ...
Magnetic-field dependence of chemical reactions
Magnetic-field dependence of chemical reactions

QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND GROUP THEORY(2) M.Sc. DEGREE
QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND GROUP THEORY(2) M.Sc. DEGREE

... To every observable in classical mechanics there corresponds a linear Hermitian operator in quantum mechanics. Any measurable dynamical variable is called an observable. The classical mechanical expressions for these observables can be written in terms of position co ordinates and momentum coordinat ...
QUANTUM TUNNELING AND SPIN by Robert J
QUANTUM TUNNELING AND SPIN by Robert J

... 2. Two beams come out. This is really strange. Shouldn't the particles all remember their orientation exiting the first Stern-Gerlach experiment? They do not. This is yet another non-classical result, fundamental to quantum mechanics. ...
Basic properties of atomic nuclei
Basic properties of atomic nuclei

Coherent control of a single nuclear spin with an electric field
Coherent control of a single nuclear spin with an electric field

... with those electrons. In recent experiments at very low temperature (30 mK), we were able to show that the terbium’s nuclear spin can be manipulated purely by an oscillating electric field (the microwave field represented in Fig. 1). This is remarkable because the magnetic dipole associated with the ...
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Spin (physics)

In quantum mechanics and particle physics, spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei.Spin is one of two types of angular momentum in quantum mechanics, the other being orbital angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum operator is the quantum-mechanical counterpart to the classical notion of angular momentum: it arises when a particle executes a rotating or twisting trajectory (such as when an electron orbits a nucleus). The existence of spin angular momentum is inferred from experiments, such as the Stern–Gerlach experiment, in which particles are observed to possess angular momentum that cannot be accounted for by orbital angular momentum alone.In some ways, spin is like a vector quantity; it has a definite magnitude, and it has a ""direction"" (but quantization makes this ""direction"" different from the direction of an ordinary vector). All elementary particles of a given kind have the same magnitude of spin angular momentum, which is indicated by assigning the particle a spin quantum number.The SI unit of spin is the joule-second, just as with classical angular momentum. In practice, however, it is written as a multiple of the reduced Planck constant ħ, usually in natural units, where the ħ is omitted, resulting in a unitless number. Spin quantum numbers are unitless numbers by definition.When combined with the spin-statistics theorem, the spin of electrons results in the Pauli exclusion principle, which in turn underlies the periodic table of chemical elements.Wolfgang Pauli was the first to propose the concept of spin, but he did not name it. In 1925, Ralph Kronig, George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit at Leiden University suggested a physical interpretation of particles spinning around their own axis. The mathematical theory was worked out in depth by Pauli in 1927. When Paul Dirac derived his relativistic quantum mechanics in 1928, electron spin was an essential part of it.
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