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Pretest for Uncertainty Principle Part 1
Pretest for Uncertainty Principle Part 1

... observable A first and then measure observable B immediately afterwards; (II) directly measure B without measuring A first. The initial state when the first measurement is performed in each of these two situations is the same, i.e., a generic state  , which is not an eigenstate of  or B̂ . Will t ...
SU(3) Multiplets & Gauge Invariance
SU(3) Multiplets & Gauge Invariance

Scanning gate microscopy of electron flow from a spin-orbit
Scanning gate microscopy of electron flow from a spin-orbit

... Scanning gate microscopy (SGM) is a technique that allows for spatial mapping of current flow and charge densities in semiconductor nanostructures. This technique has been used to map electron flow from a constriction introduced in a quantum channel – quantum point contact (QPC). The experiments obser ...
1. dia
1. dia

ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES n hcZ E ℜ
ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES n hcZ E ℜ

PHYS 415 Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics
PHYS 415 Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics

... The pions are spin 0. So the €angular momentum in the final state is just the orbital angular momentum of the two pions. The pions are identical bosons and so the wave function is symmetric under interchange. Interchange of the two pions is equivalent to a parity transformation. The symmetric requir ...
Alkali Elements Alkali Elements: Excited States
Alkali Elements Alkali Elements: Excited States

... Most of the energetics of these atoms is well described by the Hartree model; however, in detail (e.g. in high-resolution spectroscopy), spin-orbit coupling and the residual coulomb interaction are important. Residual Coulomb Interaction: The Coulomb interaction that is not captured by the effective ...
Simple examples of second quantization 4
Simple examples of second quantization 4

Lecture #21 04/14/05
Lecture #21 04/14/05

Understanding Electron Spin
Understanding Electron Spin

... hydrogen spectral lines, called fine structure. The other was the Stern-Gerlach experiment which showed in 1922 that a beam of silver atoms directed through an inhomogeneous magnetic field would be forced into two beams. Both of these experimental situations were consistent with the possession of an ...
18 Multi-electron Atom
18 Multi-electron Atom

The Uncertainty Principle for dummies
The Uncertainty Principle for dummies

On v^ 2/c^ 2 expansion of the Dirac equation with external potentials
On v^ 2/c^ 2 expansion of the Dirac equation with external potentials

... to v 2 /c2 terms ) is treated in almost all sources on quantum mechanics which include elements of the relativistic quantum theory. This expansion is of importance for problems involving electric and magnetic potentials for which exact solutions of the Dirac equation do not exist. The important exam ...
Spin and orbital Kondo effect in electrostatically coupled quantum dots S. L
Spin and orbital Kondo effect in electrostatically coupled quantum dots S. L

Term Symbols
Term Symbols

PART 1 Identical particles, fermions and bosons. Pauli exclusion
PART 1 Identical particles, fermions and bosons. Pauli exclusion

... Here ϕ1 and ϕ2 are spin wave functions of the first and the second nucleus respectively. U is the wave function of the center of mass motion. V is the wave function of the relative motion. Spin of the nucleus is zero, S = 0. Hence ϕ1 = ϕ2 = 1. V (~r1 − ~r2 ) = χ(| r~1 − r~2 |)Ylm (~ r1 − r~2 ) where ...
DirectProducts
DirectProducts

Quantum mechanics is the theory that we use to describe the
Quantum mechanics is the theory that we use to describe the

( ) α - Illinois State Chemistry
( ) α - Illinois State Chemistry

Lecture 22 Relevant sections in text: §3.1, 3.2 Rotations in quantum mechanics
Lecture 22 Relevant sections in text: §3.1, 3.2 Rotations in quantum mechanics

... are self-adjoint operators, Ji = Ji with dimensions of angular momentum (in the sense that their matrix elements and eigenvalues have these dimensions). The operator Ji generates transformations on the Hilbert space corresponding to rotations of the system about the xi axis. We identify the operator ...
Many_1 - USU physics
Many_1 - USU physics

... In either of these cases, if two of the fermion detector positions are the same, so that two positions and two spins have the same indices (detectors measure spatial and spin quantum numbers), the wavefunction also vanishes: in other words, two identical fermions cannot occupy the same position in s ...
Spins and spin-orbit coupling in semiconductors, metals, and
Spins and spin-orbit coupling in semiconductors, metals, and

Lecture
Lecture

Incompatible results of quantum measurements
Incompatible results of quantum measurements

... Various q u a n t u m " p a r a d o x e s " [ 1-5 ] are based on the a s s u m p t i o n that the result o f the m e a s u r e m e n t o f an o p e r a t o r A d e p e n d s only on A and on the state o f the q u a n t u m system being measured (here, the word " s t a t e " includes not only the wav ...
< 1 ... 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 ... 94 >

Spin (physics)

In quantum mechanics and particle physics, spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei.Spin is one of two types of angular momentum in quantum mechanics, the other being orbital angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum operator is the quantum-mechanical counterpart to the classical notion of angular momentum: it arises when a particle executes a rotating or twisting trajectory (such as when an electron orbits a nucleus). The existence of spin angular momentum is inferred from experiments, such as the Stern–Gerlach experiment, in which particles are observed to possess angular momentum that cannot be accounted for by orbital angular momentum alone.In some ways, spin is like a vector quantity; it has a definite magnitude, and it has a ""direction"" (but quantization makes this ""direction"" different from the direction of an ordinary vector). All elementary particles of a given kind have the same magnitude of spin angular momentum, which is indicated by assigning the particle a spin quantum number.The SI unit of spin is the joule-second, just as with classical angular momentum. In practice, however, it is written as a multiple of the reduced Planck constant ħ, usually in natural units, where the ħ is omitted, resulting in a unitless number. Spin quantum numbers are unitless numbers by definition.When combined with the spin-statistics theorem, the spin of electrons results in the Pauli exclusion principle, which in turn underlies the periodic table of chemical elements.Wolfgang Pauli was the first to propose the concept of spin, but he did not name it. In 1925, Ralph Kronig, George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit at Leiden University suggested a physical interpretation of particles spinning around their own axis. The mathematical theory was worked out in depth by Pauli in 1927. When Paul Dirac derived his relativistic quantum mechanics in 1928, electron spin was an essential part of it.
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