File
... • A gene pool is the total collection of genes in a population at any one time • Microevolution is a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time ...
... • A gene pool is the total collection of genes in a population at any one time • Microevolution is a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time ...
Evolutionary rescue under environmental change?
... population (Nussey et al. 2005), (1) individuals differed dramatically in their plasticity for reproductive date, (2) selection driven by climate warming favoured increased plasticity, and (3) current levels of plasticity were insufficient for attaining optimal reproductive timing. In this case, we ...
... population (Nussey et al. 2005), (1) individuals differed dramatically in their plasticity for reproductive date, (2) selection driven by climate warming favoured increased plasticity, and (3) current levels of plasticity were insufficient for attaining optimal reproductive timing. In this case, we ...
AP Biology 2006-2007 Evolution by Natural Selection AP Biology
... AP Biology Life’s Natural History is a record of Successions & Extinctions ...
... AP Biology Life’s Natural History is a record of Successions & Extinctions ...
The Origin of Species
... • In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification, but did not introduce his theory publicly 天擇為遺傳修飾之機制 • Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • In June 1858, Da ...
... • In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification, but did not introduce his theory publicly 天擇為遺傳修飾之機制 • Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • In June 1858, Da ...
Evolution of Phenotypes
... assume that there are two alleles, "big" and "small". The "big" allele at each locus adds 1/2 a unit of size and the "small" allele subtracts 1/2 unit. Therefore the net effect on size for each locus will be the sum of the values of the two alleles: the net effect will be -1 if both copies are the " ...
... assume that there are two alleles, "big" and "small". The "big" allele at each locus adds 1/2 a unit of size and the "small" allele subtracts 1/2 unit. Therefore the net effect on size for each locus will be the sum of the values of the two alleles: the net effect will be -1 if both copies are the " ...
Candy Dish Selection: Author
... each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection. —Charles Darwin from "The Origin of Species" ...
... each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection. —Charles Darwin from "The Origin of Species" ...
HEREDITY /GENETICS: How are traits inherited? How are genes
... (Focus only on these concepts.) • Explain Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment and show how they are important in genetic crosses. • Recognize ratios of offspring from a dihybrid cross and a dihybrid testcross. • Define epistasis and understand an example. • Define codominant and ...
... (Focus only on these concepts.) • Explain Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment and show how they are important in genetic crosses. • Recognize ratios of offspring from a dihybrid cross and a dihybrid testcross. • Define epistasis and understand an example. • Define codominant and ...
26LecturePresentation
... • Convergent evolution - similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages • Bat and bird wings are homologous as forelimbs, but analogous as functional wings • Analogous structures or molecular sequences t ...
... • Convergent evolution - similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages • Bat and bird wings are homologous as forelimbs, but analogous as functional wings • Analogous structures or molecular sequences t ...
Evolution and evolvability: celebrating Darwin 200
... and fertile, and which might, in some environments, be of a higher fitness than the pre-existing genotype (Kirshner & Gerhart 1998). In this case, robustness refers to an ability to make potentially adaptive phenotypic changes. However, another vision of robustness is that, just as an organism can b ...
... and fertile, and which might, in some environments, be of a higher fitness than the pre-existing genotype (Kirshner & Gerhart 1998). In this case, robustness refers to an ability to make potentially adaptive phenotypic changes. However, another vision of robustness is that, just as an organism can b ...
Gene pools Changes to allele frequencies
... and so few alleles have been introduced from outside. The descendants of the original Pitcairn islanders show less genetic diversity than the original parent populations because they all descended from the small number of original settlers. Other examples of the founder effect include the island pop ...
... and so few alleles have been introduced from outside. The descendants of the original Pitcairn islanders show less genetic diversity than the original parent populations because they all descended from the small number of original settlers. Other examples of the founder effect include the island pop ...
These animals will interbreed with one another
... Finches 1-9 are all tree finches. Finch #1 is vegetarian and the others insects but they differ in the types of insects they each eat which is also reflected in the size of their beaks. On islands where two or more of these finches exists, the differences in the beak size is even more pronounced. Fi ...
... Finches 1-9 are all tree finches. Finch #1 is vegetarian and the others insects but they differ in the types of insects they each eat which is also reflected in the size of their beaks. On islands where two or more of these finches exists, the differences in the beak size is even more pronounced. Fi ...
Chapter 8: Evolution Lesson 8.4: Macroevolution and the Origin of
... molecular level like with DNA mutations. If they are significant mutations, they will cause adaptations that may or may not be favorable for their environment. Natural selection will work on these individuals and the ones with the most favorable adaptations survive to create the new species. Changes ...
... molecular level like with DNA mutations. If they are significant mutations, they will cause adaptations that may or may not be favorable for their environment. Natural selection will work on these individuals and the ones with the most favorable adaptations survive to create the new species. Changes ...
06 Life Histories 2009
... • Slow (often large organisms) • slow development • delayed maturity • low fecundity • high parental investment/offspring • low mortality • long life • Fast: opposite traits ...
... • Slow (often large organisms) • slow development • delayed maturity • low fecundity • high parental investment/offspring • low mortality • long life • Fast: opposite traits ...
Evolution and Natural Selection (Lecture 2)
... – Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste – Malthus, Thomas Robert – Wallace, Alfred Russell ...
... – Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste – Malthus, Thomas Robert – Wallace, Alfred Russell ...
Paving the way for Darwin Georges Cuvier (1769
... – Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste – Malthus, Thomas Robert ...
... – Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste – Malthus, Thomas Robert ...
Worksheet
... These external environmental factors act as stimuli and can cause a response from living things. Organisms need to respond to the changes in order to stay alive and healthy. For example, if you go outside on a bright summer day, the sun may cause you to squint. Perhaps the bark of an approaching dog ...
... These external environmental factors act as stimuli and can cause a response from living things. Organisms need to respond to the changes in order to stay alive and healthy. For example, if you go outside on a bright summer day, the sun may cause you to squint. Perhaps the bark of an approaching dog ...
Final Exam objectives
... Predict the possible offspring of a genetic cross by using a Punnett square. Analyze how meiosis maintains a constant number of chromosomes within a species. Infer how meiosis leads to variation in a species. Relate Mendel’s laws of heredity to the events of meiosis. Chapter 14 The Human Gen ...
... Predict the possible offspring of a genetic cross by using a Punnett square. Analyze how meiosis maintains a constant number of chromosomes within a species. Infer how meiosis leads to variation in a species. Relate Mendel’s laws of heredity to the events of meiosis. Chapter 14 The Human Gen ...
Biology Common Syllabus
... Nucleic acids are composed of very long chains of subunits called nucleotides, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. The two chief types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the hereditary information in all living organisms and RNA (ribonucleic ...
... Nucleic acids are composed of very long chains of subunits called nucleotides, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. The two chief types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the hereditary information in all living organisms and RNA (ribonucleic ...
Unit 8 (Evolution) Study Guide SPRING 2016 (Student
... 5. Who proposed the hypothesis of ‘inheritance of acquired characteristics’ as an explanation for how evolution occurs? Explain what this idea means. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ ...
... 5. Who proposed the hypothesis of ‘inheritance of acquired characteristics’ as an explanation for how evolution occurs? Explain what this idea means. Answer: _____________________________________________________________________________ ...
Anthropology 2301 - HCC Learning Web
... organisms that are better adapted to their environment have a greater likelihood of surviving to adulthood and passing on their genes. – This is known as adaptation through natural selection. – “Survival of the fittest” ...
... organisms that are better adapted to their environment have a greater likelihood of surviving to adulthood and passing on their genes. – This is known as adaptation through natural selection. – “Survival of the fittest” ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.