Download HEREDITY /GENETICS: How are traits inherited? How are genes

HEREDITY /GENETICS:
DATES
How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed?
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
UNIT 1: HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?
March 29th –
April 1st
Mitosis- growth
Meiosis- necessary for sexual reproduction, leads to
genetic variety in species (via sexual reproduction,
independent assortment, crossing over)
LAB: Prepared slides of mitosis in onion root tip (S7)
Animations:
1. Animal cell mitosis
2. How cells divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Reading Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
Johnson, Chapter 6: 136-142
(Figure 6.8)
• List the stages of mitosis and briefly
describe what happens in each.
• Be able to identify each stage of
mitosis on prepared slides of onion root
tip.
Reading Assignment 2:
Johnson, Chapter 6: 148, 150153, 156 (Figure 6.26)
• Develop a table to highlight the
similarities and differences between
mitosis and meiosis.
• Explain the evolutionary importance
of crossing over and independent
assortment.
Homework Assignments
Critical Thinking 1:
Mitosis (S9)
Critical Thinking 2:
Meiosis (S10)
HEREDITY /GENETICS:
DATES
How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed?
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
Reading Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
UNIT 2: HOW ARE TRAITS INHERITED? Johnson, Chapter 7: 162-168
Basic principles of Mendelian genetics:
• monohybrid cross
• testcross
• dihybrid cross
• sex linkage
March 31st
– April 12th
Genetics Vocabulary Sheet: (S11)
LAB 1: Corn Genetics (1 period) (S12)
Cat genetics (1 period) (S19-21)
LAB 2: Counting Drosophila F2s (S23-27)
(4/14 & 4/15)
• Use the following terms to solve genetics
problems: P, F1, F2 generation; dominant, recessive,
true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous; gene,
allele, phenotype, genotype; Punnett square;
monohybrid cross and testcross.
Reading Assignment 2:
Johnson, Chapter 7: 169-173
(Focus only on these concepts.)
• Explain Mendel’s laws of segregation and
independent assortment and show how they are
important in genetic crosses.
• Recognize ratios of offspring from a dihybrid cross
and a dihybrid testcross.
• Define epistasis and understand an example.
• Define codominant and multiple alleles and explain
how they are related to A, B, O blood type
inheritance. Use this information to solve problems.
• Be able to give an example of continuous variation,
pleiotropic effects, and incomplete dominance with
respect to cat or human genetics.
Reading Assignment 3:
Johnson, Chapter 7: 174-182
• Explain the relationship between genes and
chromosomes.
• Explain how sex is determined in fruit flies, cats,
and humans.
• Define sex-linked, give examples and solve
problems for fruit flies, cats, and humans.
• Be able to analyze pedigrees for evidence of
dominant/recessive, and sex-linked genes.
Homework Assignments
Genetics Problems
1. Monohybrid Crosses
(S13-14: odd #s)
2. Dihybrid Crosses (S14:
#12-17)
3. Sex linkage (S15: #19,
21, 23, 24-26, 27)
4. Multiple Alleles (S16:
#29, 30)
5. Pedigrees (S17-18:
# 34, 36)
Critical Thinking 1+2:
monohybrid cross (S29-30)
Critical Thinking 3+4:
sex-linked traits (S31-32)
Written Assignment 1:
Write a paragraph explaining the
inheritance pattern of a genetic
disease, not discussed in the
book. Draw an example pedigree
for a family that might have this
disease. In your paragraph, make
sure to briefly describe the causes
and effects of the disease. [Be
sure to list your source(s) at the
bottom of the page.]
Online Practice Problems
(Kansas State University)
1. Monohybrid Crosses
2. Dihybrid Crosses
3. Incomplete Dominance
4. Sex-linkage
HEREDITY /GENETICS:
DATES
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
UNIT 3: HOW ARE GENES
EXPRESSED IN CELLS AND
ORGANISMS?
• DNA structure and replication (relation
between structure and function)
• Enzymes are important proteins.
• Transcription: RNA synthesis
• Translation: Protein synthesis
The Genetic Code: codon table (S35)
April 13th
- April 20th
Class activity: Protein synthesis (S33-34)
Animations:
1. DNA Replication
2. Transcription and Translation
3. Transcribe and Translate some DNA!
Advanced animations for Unit 3
(Replication, Transcription and Translation)
How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed?
Reading Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
Johnson, Chapter 8: 190, 192-195
• Explain how the Hershey-Chase experiment shows that DNA, not protein,
is the hereditary material.
• Describe the structure of DNA using the following terms: nucleotides (A,
G, T, C), double helix, complementary base pairing.
• Describe how DNA replicates, using the terms: “unwind”, “unzip”, DNA
polymerase, complementarity, DNA ligase. Notice that the two strands grow
in opposite directions.
• Describe how the structure of DNA is related to its function (heredity).
Reading Assignment 2:
Johnson, Chapter 8: 196-201 (Figure 8.10)
• Explain how the coded information in genes (DNA sequence) is retained in
RNA by the process of transcription.
• What is RNA polymerase, and how is its function similar to and different
from DNA polymerase?
• Describe the characteristics of the genetic code that are important in
converting the DNA code (via an RNA code) into instructions for amino acid
sequences in protein synthesis.
• Make a table showing the structures and functions of mRNA, tRNA, and
rRNA.
• Describe the process of protein synthesis using the terms: mRNA, tRNA,
ribosome, codon, amino acid, peptide bond, polypeptide.
• Be able to use a codon table to determine amino acid sequences from
mRNA sequences and vice versa.
• Why is the direction in which the ribosome moves important?
• Briefly explain the difference between an exon and an intron.
Reading Assignment 3:
Johnson, Chapter 8: 204-206
• What is a mutation?
• Why are mutations important in evolution?
• Describe each of the following types of mutations: point mutation, base
substitution, frame-shift (deletion or addition), chromosomal rearrangement.
Explain how severe an effect each is likely to have on the expression of a
particular gene.
Homework
Assignments
Worksheet 1:
Replication,
Transcription,
Translation (S37)
Questions 1:
“Concept Review”:
# 1-4, 8-10;
“Challenge
Yourself”: #2-4
(Johnson, 207)
HEREDITY /GENETICS:
DATES
How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed?
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
UNIT 4: WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR
GENE TECHNOLOGY?
•
Genetic engineering—cutting, recombining,
cloning, screening
Vocabulary list for Genetic Engineering (S53)
Cloning a gene diagram (S55)
April 21st
- April 27th
Video: The Human Genome Project
Class activities: The Size of the Genome (S39-41)
DNA Fingerprinting Activities:
1.
Hospital Mix-up (S49)
2.
Paternity (S50)
3.
Bloody Knife (S51)
Lab Demo: Read DNA Scissors (S43-44)
Gel electrophoresis of precut Lambda DNA
(S45-47)
Animations:
1. Plasmid Cloning
2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
3. DNA Fingerprinting: Southern Blotting
Additional Animations:
The Human Genome Project
Reading Assignments
Homework Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
Johnson, Chapter 9: 212-217
(Figures 9.2, 9.3, 9.5)
Discussion Questions 1:
“The Size of the
Genome” (S40-41)
• Be able to define and use the following
terms correctly: restriction enzyme, DNA
ligase, recombinant DNA, plasmid, vector,
clone, screening, antibiotic resistance, probe.
• Be able to describe briefly the four stages
of a genetic engineering experiment.
Reading Assignment 2:
Johnson, Chapter 9: 218-219
(Figure 9.7)
• Describe how the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) makes copies of a gene.
• Describe in general terms (such as would
be useful to members of a jury) how a DNA
fingerprint is made and what information it
can and cannot convey.
Reading Assignment 3:
“What Is the Human Genome
Project?”
(S57-60)
Reading Assignment 4:
Johnson, Chapter 9: Section 9.5, 9.6,
9.7, OR 9.8 (choose one) AND
Section 9.9
Exercise 1:
DNA Scissors (S44)
Written Assignment 1:
Read one of the sections under
Reading Assignment 4. Write
a paragraph to reflect on some
of the scientific and ethical
issues surrounding genetic
engineering as it applies to
your topic (medicine, plants,
farm animals, or cloning).
EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise?
DATES
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
UNIT 5: WHAT IS EVOLUTION? WHAT EVIDENCE IS
THERE THAT IT OCCURS?
April 30th
- May 3rd
•
•
•
•
•
•
Darwin’s ideas
More recent examples
Evidence of evolution
Fossils
Homology of anatomy
Molecular comparisons
Video: Evolution: "Great Transformations" (PBS)
Class activities: 1. Fossils timeline (S72-74)
2. Homology in vertebrate skeletons (S75-76)
3. Amino acid comparisons (S77-78)
Additional Online Resources:
Evolution Website
Reading Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
Johnson, Chapter 2: 20-31
• Define evolution.
• Understand the basis of Darwin’s
studies and his theory of natural
selection.
Reading Assignment 2:
Johnson, Chapter 10: 252-259
• Explain the following terms and
their relation to evolution:
microevolution, natural selection,
adaptation, macroevolution
(punctuated equilibrium vs.
gradualism).
• Describe how each of the
following provides evidence for
evolution: fossils, comparisons of
DNA and protein sequences,
homologous anatomical structures,
and embryological development.
Reading Assignment 3:
“The Record of Life in the
Rocks” (S63-71)
Homework Assignments
Questions 1:
“Darwin’s Ideas” (S61)
EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise?
DATES
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
UNIT 6: WHAT IS NATURAL SELECTION AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
May 4th
- May 7th
• Natural selection
• Industrial melanism
• Antibiotic resistance in bacteria: genes on plasmids
• Medical examples: Sickle cell hemoglobin, malaria, and
others
• Forms of selection: disruptive, stabilizing, and directional
LAB: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria (S89-90)
Class activities: Natural selection by predators (S79-80)
Reading Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
Johnson, Chapter 10: 246-56
• What is natural selection?
• Give an example of: disruptive selection,
stabilizing selection, directional selection.
Which make individuals in a population
more similar? More different?
• How is sickle cell anemia inherited? How
does it demonstrate natural selection?
• Describe Kettlewell’s experiment with
moths. What was the control? How does it
illustrate natural selection? Is natural
selection working on the genotype or the
phenotype? Explain.
Reading Assignment 2:
“Antibiotic misuse poses threat, WHO
warns” (S87)
Reading Assignment 3:
“Battle of the Bugs: Fighting
Antibiotic Resistance”
- FDA Article Online (Sept, 2003)
Homework Assignments
Critical Thinking 1:
Starling Data and
questions (S81)
Critical Thinking 2:
Industrial Melanism:
Kettlewell’s experiment
(S83-85)
Worksheet 1:
Sickle cell anemia:
biology and
demography (S93-95)
EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise?
DATES
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
UNIT 7: HOW DO GENE POOLS CHANGE?
May 4th
- May 7th
• Changes in allele frequencies
• What is a species?
• How might new species arise?
ƒ Types of isolation
Reading Assignments
Homework Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
Johnson, Chapter 11: 262-263
Critical Thinking 1:
Allele frequencies (S91)
• Why do allele frequencies in a
gene pool change?
• Based on what you now know
about selection and allele
frequency, create a modern
definition for evolution that builds
on Darwin’s ideas and goes
beyond them.
Reading Assignment 2:
Johnson, Chapter 11: 270-272
• What is a species?
• What is genetic isolation and how
is it related to evolution?
EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise?
DATES
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
UNIT 8: WHAT SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES DO WE SEE AS A RESULT
OF EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSITY?
May 7th
- May 17th
• Animal phyla taxonomy
• Key evolutionary advances
• 9 major animal phyla with distinguishing
characteristics
• Major vertebrate classes: characteristics of
each
LAB: Evolution in the Animal Kingdom:
Dissect representative animals and demonstrate
distinguishing characteristics to others
(earthworm, clam, crayfish, starfish,
grasshopper, perch) (S101-102)
Reading Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
Johnson, Chapter 19: 416-448
• What are some general features of animals?
• What is a phylogeny? Explain using Figure
19.2 as an example.
• Define and describe the following
distinctions of evolutionary importance: radial
vs. bilateral symmetry, types of body cavities,
protostome vs. deuterostome embryos.
• List the 9 animal phyla and give
distinguishing characteristics and major
evolutionary advances for each
Reading Assignment 2:
Review S65-70
Reading Assignment 3:
Johnson, Chapter 19: 448;
Chapter 20: 460-472
• List and give major characteristics for the
present-day classes of vertebrates.
Class activities: Animal phyla and taxa (S97-99)
Online Resources:
“The Shape of Life” (PBS)
Homework Assignments
Worksheet 1: Notes on
Animal Evolution (S100)
- Using Table 19.1 and the pages
for each animal phylum, make a
chart that shows the names of the
animal phyla profiled, the major
characteristics of each, and two or
three examples of animals in each
phylum. Pay particular attention to
the major evolutionary
developments shown by each
phylum. (Note: S117-122 has
summary information for all of the
animal phyla.)
Questions 1:
“Challenge Yourself”: #1-5
(Johnson, 449)
EVOLUTION: How does biodiversity arise?
DATES
TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS
UNIT 9: MAMMALS, PRIMATES AND
EVOLUTION
th
May 18
- May 25th
•
•
•
Primate Phylogenetics
Molecular Biology
Hominid Evolution
Class activity: Primate evolution (S109-112)
Online Documentary:
“Becoming Human”
Web Activity:
Origins of Humankind
Reading Assignments
Reading Assignment 1:
Johnson, Chapter 21: 478-492
(Figure 21.8)
• Be able to give the “taxonomic address”
of humans: kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, and species.
• Describe the characteristics a physical
anthropologist would use to decide whether
a particular skeleton is an ape or a hominid.
Homework Assignments
Exercise 1:
Molecular Biology and
Primate Phylogenetics
(S103-107)
Questions 1:
“Challenge Yourself”:
# 3&5 (Johnson, 493)