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HEREDITY /GENETICS: DATES How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed? TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS UNIT 1: HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE? March 29th – April 1st Mitosis- growth Meiosis- necessary for sexual reproduction, leads to genetic variety in species (via sexual reproduction, independent assortment, crossing over) LAB: Prepared slides of mitosis in onion root tip (S7) Animations: 1. Animal cell mitosis 2. How cells divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis Reading Assignments Reading Assignment 1: Johnson, Chapter 6: 136-142 (Figure 6.8) • List the stages of mitosis and briefly describe what happens in each. • Be able to identify each stage of mitosis on prepared slides of onion root tip. Reading Assignment 2: Johnson, Chapter 6: 148, 150153, 156 (Figure 6.26) • Develop a table to highlight the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis. • Explain the evolutionary importance of crossing over and independent assortment. Homework Assignments Critical Thinking 1: Mitosis (S9) Critical Thinking 2: Meiosis (S10) HEREDITY /GENETICS: DATES How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed? TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS Reading Assignments Reading Assignment 1: UNIT 2: HOW ARE TRAITS INHERITED? Johnson, Chapter 7: 162-168 Basic principles of Mendelian genetics: • monohybrid cross • testcross • dihybrid cross • sex linkage March 31st – April 12th Genetics Vocabulary Sheet: (S11) LAB 1: Corn Genetics (1 period) (S12) Cat genetics (1 period) (S19-21) LAB 2: Counting Drosophila F2s (S23-27) (4/14 & 4/15) • Use the following terms to solve genetics problems: P, F1, F2 generation; dominant, recessive, true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous; gene, allele, phenotype, genotype; Punnett square; monohybrid cross and testcross. Reading Assignment 2: Johnson, Chapter 7: 169-173 (Focus only on these concepts.) • Explain Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment and show how they are important in genetic crosses. • Recognize ratios of offspring from a dihybrid cross and a dihybrid testcross. • Define epistasis and understand an example. • Define codominant and multiple alleles and explain how they are related to A, B, O blood type inheritance. Use this information to solve problems. • Be able to give an example of continuous variation, pleiotropic effects, and incomplete dominance with respect to cat or human genetics. Reading Assignment 3: Johnson, Chapter 7: 174-182 • Explain the relationship between genes and chromosomes. • Explain how sex is determined in fruit flies, cats, and humans. • Define sex-linked, give examples and solve problems for fruit flies, cats, and humans. • Be able to analyze pedigrees for evidence of dominant/recessive, and sex-linked genes. Homework Assignments Genetics Problems 1. Monohybrid Crosses (S13-14: odd #s) 2. Dihybrid Crosses (S14: #12-17) 3. Sex linkage (S15: #19, 21, 23, 24-26, 27) 4. Multiple Alleles (S16: #29, 30) 5. Pedigrees (S17-18: # 34, 36) Critical Thinking 1+2: monohybrid cross (S29-30) Critical Thinking 3+4: sex-linked traits (S31-32) Written Assignment 1: Write a paragraph explaining the inheritance pattern of a genetic disease, not discussed in the book. Draw an example pedigree for a family that might have this disease. In your paragraph, make sure to briefly describe the causes and effects of the disease. [Be sure to list your source(s) at the bottom of the page.] Online Practice Problems (Kansas State University) 1. Monohybrid Crosses 2. Dihybrid Crosses 3. Incomplete Dominance 4. Sex-linkage HEREDITY /GENETICS: DATES TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS UNIT 3: HOW ARE GENES EXPRESSED IN CELLS AND ORGANISMS? • DNA structure and replication (relation between structure and function) • Enzymes are important proteins. • Transcription: RNA synthesis • Translation: Protein synthesis The Genetic Code: codon table (S35) April 13th - April 20th Class activity: Protein synthesis (S33-34) Animations: 1. DNA Replication 2. Transcription and Translation 3. Transcribe and Translate some DNA! Advanced animations for Unit 3 (Replication, Transcription and Translation) How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed? Reading Assignments Reading Assignment 1: Johnson, Chapter 8: 190, 192-195 • Explain how the Hershey-Chase experiment shows that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material. • Describe the structure of DNA using the following terms: nucleotides (A, G, T, C), double helix, complementary base pairing. • Describe how DNA replicates, using the terms: “unwind”, “unzip”, DNA polymerase, complementarity, DNA ligase. Notice that the two strands grow in opposite directions. • Describe how the structure of DNA is related to its function (heredity). Reading Assignment 2: Johnson, Chapter 8: 196-201 (Figure 8.10) • Explain how the coded information in genes (DNA sequence) is retained in RNA by the process of transcription. • What is RNA polymerase, and how is its function similar to and different from DNA polymerase? • Describe the characteristics of the genetic code that are important in converting the DNA code (via an RNA code) into instructions for amino acid sequences in protein synthesis. • Make a table showing the structures and functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. • Describe the process of protein synthesis using the terms: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, codon, amino acid, peptide bond, polypeptide. • Be able to use a codon table to determine amino acid sequences from mRNA sequences and vice versa. • Why is the direction in which the ribosome moves important? • Briefly explain the difference between an exon and an intron. Reading Assignment 3: Johnson, Chapter 8: 204-206 • What is a mutation? • Why are mutations important in evolution? • Describe each of the following types of mutations: point mutation, base substitution, frame-shift (deletion or addition), chromosomal rearrangement. Explain how severe an effect each is likely to have on the expression of a particular gene. Homework Assignments Worksheet 1: Replication, Transcription, Translation (S37) Questions 1: “Concept Review”: # 1-4, 8-10; “Challenge Yourself”: #2-4 (Johnson, 207) HEREDITY /GENETICS: DATES How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed? TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS UNIT 4: WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR GENE TECHNOLOGY? • Genetic engineering—cutting, recombining, cloning, screening Vocabulary list for Genetic Engineering (S53) Cloning a gene diagram (S55) April 21st - April 27th Video: The Human Genome Project Class activities: The Size of the Genome (S39-41) DNA Fingerprinting Activities: 1. Hospital Mix-up (S49) 2. Paternity (S50) 3. Bloody Knife (S51) Lab Demo: Read DNA Scissors (S43-44) Gel electrophoresis of precut Lambda DNA (S45-47) Animations: 1. Plasmid Cloning 2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 3. DNA Fingerprinting: Southern Blotting Additional Animations: The Human Genome Project Reading Assignments Homework Assignments Reading Assignment 1: Johnson, Chapter 9: 212-217 (Figures 9.2, 9.3, 9.5) Discussion Questions 1: “The Size of the Genome” (S40-41) • Be able to define and use the following terms correctly: restriction enzyme, DNA ligase, recombinant DNA, plasmid, vector, clone, screening, antibiotic resistance, probe. • Be able to describe briefly the four stages of a genetic engineering experiment. Reading Assignment 2: Johnson, Chapter 9: 218-219 (Figure 9.7) • Describe how the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes copies of a gene. • Describe in general terms (such as would be useful to members of a jury) how a DNA fingerprint is made and what information it can and cannot convey. Reading Assignment 3: “What Is the Human Genome Project?” (S57-60) Reading Assignment 4: Johnson, Chapter 9: Section 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, OR 9.8 (choose one) AND Section 9.9 Exercise 1: DNA Scissors (S44) Written Assignment 1: Read one of the sections under Reading Assignment 4. Write a paragraph to reflect on some of the scientific and ethical issues surrounding genetic engineering as it applies to your topic (medicine, plants, farm animals, or cloning). EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise? DATES TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS UNIT 5: WHAT IS EVOLUTION? WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE THAT IT OCCURS? April 30th - May 3rd • • • • • • Darwin’s ideas More recent examples Evidence of evolution Fossils Homology of anatomy Molecular comparisons Video: Evolution: "Great Transformations" (PBS) Class activities: 1. Fossils timeline (S72-74) 2. Homology in vertebrate skeletons (S75-76) 3. Amino acid comparisons (S77-78) Additional Online Resources: Evolution Website Reading Assignments Reading Assignment 1: Johnson, Chapter 2: 20-31 • Define evolution. • Understand the basis of Darwin’s studies and his theory of natural selection. Reading Assignment 2: Johnson, Chapter 10: 252-259 • Explain the following terms and their relation to evolution: microevolution, natural selection, adaptation, macroevolution (punctuated equilibrium vs. gradualism). • Describe how each of the following provides evidence for evolution: fossils, comparisons of DNA and protein sequences, homologous anatomical structures, and embryological development. Reading Assignment 3: “The Record of Life in the Rocks” (S63-71) Homework Assignments Questions 1: “Darwin’s Ideas” (S61) EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise? DATES TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS UNIT 6: WHAT IS NATURAL SELECTION AND HOW DOES IT WORK? May 4th - May 7th • Natural selection • Industrial melanism • Antibiotic resistance in bacteria: genes on plasmids • Medical examples: Sickle cell hemoglobin, malaria, and others • Forms of selection: disruptive, stabilizing, and directional LAB: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria (S89-90) Class activities: Natural selection by predators (S79-80) Reading Assignments Reading Assignment 1: Johnson, Chapter 10: 246-56 • What is natural selection? • Give an example of: disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, directional selection. Which make individuals in a population more similar? More different? • How is sickle cell anemia inherited? How does it demonstrate natural selection? • Describe Kettlewell’s experiment with moths. What was the control? How does it illustrate natural selection? Is natural selection working on the genotype or the phenotype? Explain. Reading Assignment 2: “Antibiotic misuse poses threat, WHO warns” (S87) Reading Assignment 3: “Battle of the Bugs: Fighting Antibiotic Resistance” - FDA Article Online (Sept, 2003) Homework Assignments Critical Thinking 1: Starling Data and questions (S81) Critical Thinking 2: Industrial Melanism: Kettlewell’s experiment (S83-85) Worksheet 1: Sickle cell anemia: biology and demography (S93-95) EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise? DATES TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS UNIT 7: HOW DO GENE POOLS CHANGE? May 4th - May 7th • Changes in allele frequencies • What is a species? • How might new species arise? Types of isolation Reading Assignments Homework Assignments Reading Assignment 1: Johnson, Chapter 11: 262-263 Critical Thinking 1: Allele frequencies (S91) • Why do allele frequencies in a gene pool change? • Based on what you now know about selection and allele frequency, create a modern definition for evolution that builds on Darwin’s ideas and goes beyond them. Reading Assignment 2: Johnson, Chapter 11: 270-272 • What is a species? • What is genetic isolation and how is it related to evolution? EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise? DATES TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS UNIT 8: WHAT SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES DO WE SEE AS A RESULT OF EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSITY? May 7th - May 17th • Animal phyla taxonomy • Key evolutionary advances • 9 major animal phyla with distinguishing characteristics • Major vertebrate classes: characteristics of each LAB: Evolution in the Animal Kingdom: Dissect representative animals and demonstrate distinguishing characteristics to others (earthworm, clam, crayfish, starfish, grasshopper, perch) (S101-102) Reading Assignments Reading Assignment 1: Johnson, Chapter 19: 416-448 • What are some general features of animals? • What is a phylogeny? Explain using Figure 19.2 as an example. • Define and describe the following distinctions of evolutionary importance: radial vs. bilateral symmetry, types of body cavities, protostome vs. deuterostome embryos. • List the 9 animal phyla and give distinguishing characteristics and major evolutionary advances for each Reading Assignment 2: Review S65-70 Reading Assignment 3: Johnson, Chapter 19: 448; Chapter 20: 460-472 • List and give major characteristics for the present-day classes of vertebrates. Class activities: Animal phyla and taxa (S97-99) Online Resources: “The Shape of Life” (PBS) Homework Assignments Worksheet 1: Notes on Animal Evolution (S100) - Using Table 19.1 and the pages for each animal phylum, make a chart that shows the names of the animal phyla profiled, the major characteristics of each, and two or three examples of animals in each phylum. Pay particular attention to the major evolutionary developments shown by each phylum. (Note: S117-122 has summary information for all of the animal phyla.) Questions 1: “Challenge Yourself”: #1-5 (Johnson, 449) EVOLUTION: How does biodiversity arise? DATES TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS UNIT 9: MAMMALS, PRIMATES AND EVOLUTION th May 18 - May 25th • • • Primate Phylogenetics Molecular Biology Hominid Evolution Class activity: Primate evolution (S109-112) Online Documentary: “Becoming Human” Web Activity: Origins of Humankind Reading Assignments Reading Assignment 1: Johnson, Chapter 21: 478-492 (Figure 21.8) • Be able to give the “taxonomic address” of humans: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. • Describe the characteristics a physical anthropologist would use to decide whether a particular skeleton is an ape or a hominid. Homework Assignments Exercise 1: Molecular Biology and Primate Phylogenetics (S103-107) Questions 1: “Challenge Yourself”: # 3&5 (Johnson, 493)