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Download Glycolysis in the Cytoplasm
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Glycolysis in the Cytoplasm Oxidation of glucose is called glycolysis. This is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the cytoplasm of cells. (Can also occur in the absence of oxygen) -splits one molecule of glucose (6 carbon molecule) into two molecules of a 3-carbon acid - pyruvic acid (pyruvate). Glycolysis occurs in two phases: 1. Glycolysis I - Energy Investment Phase ATP is used to split the 6-carbon molecule into two 3-carbon molecules 2. Glycolysis II - Energy Payoff Phase 2 ATP are produced and 2 molecules of the electron carrier NADH + H+ along with 2 molecules of pyruvate Pyruvate is an important branch point in metabolism. There is still a significant amount of potential energy left in pyruvate: 1. If no oxygen present (anaerobic), then pyruvate enters fermentation reactions: i) Some organisms (yeast, bacteria) can produce CO2 and ethanol by fermentation. ii) Some organisms (bacteria, us!!) can produce lactic acid by fermentation. Both of these reactions make ATP, and regenerate NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. 2. If oxygen is present (aerobic), pyruvate enters the mitochondria, is converted to acetyl-coenzyme A and enters the "Citric Acid Cycle" (Krebs Cycle)