Download Questions from notes: IMMUNOLOGY

Questions from notes: IMMUNOLOGY
1. What is an antigen?
2. What are the 2 types of lymphocyte? Where are they derived from and where
do they mature?
3. What do B-cells differentiate into?
4. Which cytokines are involved?
5. What is the difference between naïve and memory lymphocytes?
6. What stimulates the classical pathway of complement activation?
7. At which complement do the pathways converge?
8. How are complements activated?
9. What are PRM’s?
10. What are 2 forms of innate immunity other than complement?
11. What are the differences between primary and secondary immune responses?
12. What is interferon involved in?
13. ~ what proportion of circulating white cells are lymphcytes?
14. Do gamma-delta T cells exist?
15. Which Ig class is most concentrated in circulating blood?
16. What cells are MHC1 molecules found on?
17. Draw MHC1
18. What are some examples of antigen presenting cells?
19. What MHCs do they have?
20. Which is higher % in circulating blood – basophils or eosinophils?
21. What is humoral immunity?
22. What are CD8+ T cells?
23. What do they secrete? What does this do?
24. What characterises apoptosis?
25. Which MHC presents antigen to CD8+ T cells?
26. Are the peptide fragments bigger or smaller than in the other MHC?
27. ~ what length?
28. Eosinophilia is found in which type of infection?
29. Which Ig is mainly involved in the primary immune response?
30. Which Ig can be transferred across the placenta?
31. What is clonal selection?
32. What do IgA and IgM have?
33. Which 2 Igs are found on the surface of naïve B cells?
34. What is the structure of an Ig?
35. Which section determines antigen binding? Complement binding?
36. What is the significance of CD40?
37. What types of T cells are there?
38. What are the primary lymphoid organs?
39. What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
40. Peyer’s patches are an example of what?
41. What is the pathway for the differentiation and selection of T cells?
42. What CD markers are associated with B cells?
43. Where are B cells produced – in the fetus? In the adult?
44. Through what do T cells enter lymphoid tissue?
45. What is recirculation?
46. How does the lymphoid system differ from the blood stream?
47. What is opsonisation?
48. How can neutrophils kill phagocytosed pathogens?
49. What is the difference between macrophages and monocytes?
50. Which is longer lived, macrophages or neutrophils?
51. What do dendritic cells do?
52. What is the problemin chronic granulomatous disease?
53. What is the function of mast cells?
54. What is diapedesis?
55. What are NK cells? What is another name for them?
56. What produces anaphylatoxins?
57. What do they cause?
58. What can occur 1 – 2 days after a local inflammatory response?
59. What 3 things characterise it?
60. What is chemotaxis?
61. What causes bacterial septic shock? What are its symptoms?
62. What complex is histamine part of?
63. What digests Ig into 3 parts?
64. How are the chains of Ig held together?
65. What 3 regions are found on the heavy chain? And the light chain?
66. What is cross-reactivity?
67. What is the portion of antigen that binds with Ig called?
68. What does IgA destined for secretion bind with?
69. What is the name of the remainder of this that is left on the IgA?
70. Which Igs are involved in agglutination?
71. What is an isotype?
72. What is an allotype?
73. What is the difference between affinity and avidity?
74. What types of cells have a high affinity for IgE?
75. Which 2 Igs have 4 heavy chain domains instead of 3?
76. Does normal brain tissue contain Ig?
77. What is the structure of a BCR?
78. Why are the Igalpha/beta heterodimers necessary?
79. What is the repertoire?
80. Which chromosome holds the genes for heavy chains?
81. Are the principles of rearrangement different for different chains?
82. Where are the variable region genes in relation to the constant region?
83. What happens in rearrangement?
84. Which other genes use this type of rearrangement?
85. Which 2 genes are joined initially in rearrangement?
86. What is then produced?
87. How is diversity in the repertoire further developed?
88. Which enzyme removes unwanted DNA between V and J?
89. What additional set of genes does the heavy chain have?
90. What is needed for class switching?
91. What determines Ig class?
92. What are myeloma proteins an example of?
93. What proportion of T cells are deselected?
94. What happens to them?
95. What 2 types of antibody production are there?
96. Which one involves only IgM and has no memory?
97. What is the process of B-cell presentation of antigen to T-cells?
98. Give an example of costimulation of a T-cell.
99. What are the differences between naïve, effector and memory B-cells?
100.
Is the antibody affinity greater in the secondary response than the
primary?
101.
Which Ig is present in mature but not immature B-cells?
102.
Give an example of a thymus independent antigen.
103.
What do Th1 cells stimulate? Th2 cells?
104.
What class of T cells and MHC are involved in dealing with
endogenous antigen?
105.
What is the difference between MHC and HLA?
106.
Does the MHC encode ‘transplant’ genes?
107.
What is the purpose of the invariant chain in MHC2 presentation?
108.
Give an example of an exogenous antigen.
109.
What type of T cells can enter non-lymphoid tissue?
110.
What 3 key cytokines are produced by Th1 cells?
111.
What is IL-13 associated with?
112.
What T cell produces it? What other cytokines does it produce?
113.
How many signals are needed to activate effector T cells?
114.
Where are perforin and granzymes stored?
115.
What colour do basophil / eosinophil granules stain?
116.
What colour does monocyte cytoplasm stain?
117.
What other T cell thing can be a cause of apoptosis?
118.
How do the granules of a CD8+ T cell behave when they encounter a
target cell?
119.
Are they used up?
120.
Which cells trigger a DTH reaction?
121.
What do they do? Which other cells are involved?
122.
Which cytokines characterise a DTH reaction?
123.
Are memory cells quantitatively or qualitatively different on re-
exposure?
124.
Which cytokines / T-cell types are involved in cell-mediated
immunity?
125.
Which class switch is associated with Type 1 hypersensitivity?
126.
What does Ig bind to prior to Type 1 hypersensitivity?
127.
Where are these cells found?
128.
What is the effect of their degranulation?
129.
What determines the development of allergy or anaphylaxis?
130.
What is the major sympom of shock?
131.
Which substances are most likely to cause anaphylaxis?
132.
How can anaphylaxis be treated in its acute stage?
133.
Which enzyme is blocked by eg. Hydrocortisone?
134.
Which cytokine is involved in helminth infection to produce
eosinophils?
135.
Which cytokines stimulate anti-helminth IgE production?