Download Natual Selection and Evolution - ahs-honorsbio2009-1

Name ___________________________________
Projected Test Date: ___________
Natual Selection and Evolution
Things You Should Know
Honors Biology
√
Date
Topic
What is a theory? How does Evolution fit into the category of a theory?
Define species. How can we tell whether 2 organisms are members of the same
species?
How do adaptations help organisms survive in their environments? Give several
examples.
How do variations develop within a population? (3 ways)
What is natural selection? How does it work on variations?
Can 2 organisms occupy the same niche? What happens when niches overlap?
Discuss the ideas of Charles Bonnet and Jean-Baptist Lamarck.
Explain how Darwin’s idea of natural selection developed as a result of his
travels, and his readings of other scientists.
What is artificial selection? How does it provide support for natural selection?
Relate the study of genetics to that of population genetics and discuss factors that
can affect gene-pool equilibrium
Explain the Hardy-Weinberg model
Explain genetic drift and contrast its effects on large and small populations.
Discuss the role of quantitative traits in microevolution.
*Quiz
Describe the origin of the universe and probable conditions on early Earth
Evaluate hypotheses about the origin of life and identify the probable
characteristics of early life-forms
Distinguish between chemical and biological evolution
Describe the fossil record for prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Explain homology and give examples of homologous structures
Describe how the general characteristics of the 5 kingdoms differ.
Cite evidence from fossils, ecology, and homologies that support the theory of
evolution
Discuss the genetic and molecular evidence for evolution
Discuss isolation mechanisms that can cause speciation
Describe the patterns in evolution such as punctuated equilibrium
Describe how modern humans differ from other primates
Evaluate the techniques used to study evolutionary relationships in humans
Compare early hominids with Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
Give reasons for the difference in the gene pools of modern human populations.
*Quiz
Vocabulary:
Species
Niche
Variation
Adaptation
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Name ___________________________________
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Polymorphism
Gene Pool
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Population bottleneck
Projected Test Date: ___________
Genetic Equilibrium Allele frequency
Normal, disruptive, and directional selection
Inbreeding
The Big Bang
Endosymbiosis
Heterotroph Hypothesis
Homologous structure
Embryology
Gradualism
Speciation
Coevolution
Vestigial structure
Pseudogenes
Punctuated Equilibrium
Divergent Evolution
Adaptive radiation
Analogous structure
Primate
Australopithecines
Hominid
Hominoid
Convergent Evolution
Answer the following questions on separate paper.
Prologue: Pages 6 – 13
1. How does a hypothesis differ from a theory? Give a concrete example of each.
2. Describe the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.
3. Describe how natural selection operates on species.
16.1 – 16.3
1. Would a change in allele frequencies be more likely to produce microevolution or
macroevolution? Explain.
2. Explain why the concept of gene pools applies to populations but not to species.
3. What does the Hardy-Weinberg model predict will happen to allele frequencies in
a polymorphic population from generation to generation?
16.4 – 16.6
1. What are the main forces that change gene pools? Explain how they work.
2. Explain how modern ideas about microevolution combine the ideas of Charles
Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
19.1 – 19.3
1. What evidence did the Galapagos Islands provide for evolution by means of
natural selection?
2. How does evolution play a role in the development of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria?
3. What is the significance of a nearly universal genetic code with respect to
evolution?
Name ___________________________________
Projected Test Date: ___________
19.4 – 19.5
1. What are isolating mechanisms? How do they operate?
2. What is polyploidy? What is its connection to speciation?
17.1 – 17.2
1. What was the big bang? What evidence supports the theory of the expanding
universe?
2. What gases were probably in Earth’s early atmosphere? What is the evidence?
3. Explain why free oxygen gas probably was not in the early atmosphere of Earth.
17.3 – 17.5
1. What is the heterotroph hypothesis?
2. Summarize the three steps in the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis for the origin of life.
3. How does the discovery of catalytic RNA help to solve the chicken-and-egg
problem in the origin of life?
4. What is the strongest reason for thinking that the first self-replicating life-form
was not a protein?
17.6 – 17.7
1. What characteristics make methanogens and related bacteria good candidates for
being the first organisms?
2. Explain the idea of endosymbiosis. What evidence supports the idea that
mitochondria and plastids originated from free-living prokaryotes?
20.1 – 20.4
1. What characteristics distinguish primates from other mammals?
2. What are some of the most important skeletal features used to make comparisons
between apes and humans?
3. How are biochemical comparisons helpful in determining evolutionary
relationships?
20.5 – 20.7
1. Explain the evolutionary relationship between modern humans and modern
chimpanzees or gorillas.
2. Summarize the major evolutionary changes in the hominids since they last shared
a common ancestor with any other primates.
3. Compare the out-of-Africa and multiregional hypotheses for the origin of modern
humans.