Download Ch 14 Lymphatic and Immune

Ch 14 Lymphatic and Immune
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Nonspecific Defenses
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Function of the Immune system
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The human body against __________________________________________
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Harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, and ____________________
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_______________________________
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Disease causing agents
Lines of Defense
- ______________________ immunity (lines 1 & 2) include physical barriers between the outside world and
Inside the body, inflammatory responses, immune proteins, and ______________.
- Acquired Immunity (line 3) – building resistance to a specific pathogen
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First line of Nonspecific Defense
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Body’s surface defenses are ________________
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Skin is an impenetrable barrier to _______________________
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__________________________ inhibit the growth of pathogens.
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Sweat has an enzyme called _______________________ that digests bacterial walls and kills
the bacteria.
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Body’s internal surface uses
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_____________________________
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Layers of epithelial tissue that produce a sticky, viscous fluid
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Lines nasal passages, lungs, ____________________________________, and reproductive
tract
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Carried to the stomach for _______________________
Second Line of Nonspecific Defense
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Injury or local infection like a cut can cause and
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__________________________________
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__________________________________
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Series of events that suppress infection and speed recovery
Causes local blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow to the area.
Temperature Response
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________________________
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______________________________ to fight against invading pathogens
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Higher temperatures are harmful to many ________________________________
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Over 103° can destroy body’s cellular processes (destroy enzymes
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Over 105° can be ______________________
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Destroys cells
Second Line of Nonspecific Defense Cont.
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__________________
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_____________________________
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20 different proteins which circulate in the blood and become active when they encounter
pathogens
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Form a ring-like structure called a membrane-attack complex around the pathogen poking holes
in the pathogen’s cell membrane to cause _________________
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______________________________
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A protein released by cells infected with viruses
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Cause nearby cells to produce an enzyme that prevents viruses from making proteins and RNA.
White Blood Cells
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____________________________
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_____________________________
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The third line of defenses is ______________________________
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4 Main kinds of WBC’s that participate in the immune response
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___________________________
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___________________________
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Attack and kill infected cells
____________________________
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Label invaders for later destruction by macrophages
____________________________
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Activate both T and B cells
Recognizing Invaders
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An infected body cell will display antigens of an invader on its surface
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Large WBC that attacks cells infected with pathogens
Cells Involved
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Ingest and kill pathogens they encounter
______________________________
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WBC that engulfs and destroys pathogens
_____________________________: Substance that triggers an immune response.
Immune Response Parts
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__________________ response is a passive defense that aids in the removal of pathogens.
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__________________ response is an active cell-mediated defense that involves the destruction of pathogens by
cytotoxic T cells.
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Steps of an Immune Response
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When a virus infects a cell, the cell displays ___________________________ on its surface.
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Macrophages engulf and destroy viruses and also display viral antigens.
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Helper T cells _________________ to antigens on the macrophages and they (macro) release
_______________________
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Interleukins make Helper T cells _________________________________ and B cells.
Steps Continued
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B cells divide and turn into _____________________
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Plasma cells make _____________________ that bind to viral parts and to infected cells and mark them for
death.
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___________________________ engulf and destroy the “marked” viral parts and infected cells.
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Cytotoxic T cells also ___________________________ infected cells that are marked.
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Some B cells become _______________________ that will immediately destroy the virus if it tries to invade the
body again.
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Disease Transmission and Prevention
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Diseases are transmitted in 5 different ways
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__________________________
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Air
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__________________________
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Water
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___________________________
Resistance to Disease
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__________________________:
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Resistance to a particular disease
_______________________________:
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Medical procedure used to produce immunity
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______________________:
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____________________________:
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A solution that contains a dead or modified pathogen that can no longer cause disease
Subsequent exposure to a virus causes the body to make new antibodies.
Disorders of the Immune System
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In some people, the immune system cannot distinguish between the body’s antigens and foreign antigens.
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____________________________:
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The body launches an immune response against its own cells, ___________________________
as if they were pathogens.
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HIV and AIDS
Examples:
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Graves Disease
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Type 1 Diabetes
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HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, infects helper-T cells
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______________: Human immunodeficiency virus
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______________: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
HIV is contracted through sexual contact, __________________________, and contaminated needles (drug
users, tattoos, piercing)
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HIV infects cells by using proteins on its surface attach to the host cell (helper-T cells)
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The HIV virus infects only _______________________________, so it takes a long time to show symptoms
What is the lymphatic system
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The lymphatic system has vessels and glands that collect _________________ _________________, clears it
of pathogens, and recycles it back into the _________________ stream
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The glands of the lymphatic system filter lymph and remove ________________________
Lymphatic system and immunity
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___________________________- fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into the spaces between the cells; made of
water and dissolved substances
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Lymph- tissue fluid that collects ________________________ and carries them to the lymph nodes
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Lymph node- a ball of tissue (gland) that collects lymph; has WBC’s that destroy pathogens in the lymph
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Lymphocytes- a type of _________________________________________ found in the lymphatic system
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Spleen- stores lymphocytes it also filters out and destroys pathogens
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_______________________ gland- stores __________________________ lymphocytes.