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Social Studies Exam Guide Name: ______________ Social Studies 101 – Geography, Government & Economics Peninsula – a body of land surrounded on three sides by water; connected to land on one side (Florida, Korea, etc.) Demographics – the study of the people of a given place; ex. Population of Winston-Salem, average age of CMS students Geography- study of places & environment; Economics: dealing with jobs & money; Culture: dealing w/ people (religion, etc) Government/politics – group of people who make laws & make sure those laws are carried out; elections, voting Traditional – bartering system; no money involved (I’ll trade two coconuts for those shoes) Market – based solely on private business; there is no government involvement; which can lead to problems Mixed (Capitalism)- some government involvement (rules) but you can own a private business; what the US has Capitalism – economic system that allows freedom with money and private business; (like the U.S.) Command/Communism/Socialism- strict form of economics where govt controls the economy; people get paid the same Democracy/Republic –government of the US and most countries around the world; people vote for their leaders Monarchy – a country that has a king and queen leadership system (how Great Britain used to be) Theocracy – government ran on strict religious beliefs; some countries in the Middle East like Iran based only on Islam Supply and Demand – economic idea that determines how much of a product will sell and for how much money Primary source – an original historical document or artifact; examples: Abe Lincoln’s journal, famous speech from MLK jr. Renaissance (1400s) - The Plague caused Europeans to want to enjoy life & make an impact rather than rely on the church EFFECT: Led to paintings & literature; people became more interested in social life & learning than religion (humanism) PEOPLE: Da Vinci (Mona Lisa), Gutenberg (printing press), Shakespeare (Romeo & Juliet), Medicis (patrons of arts) Humanism –art was designed to reflect things in life (people) rather than just based only on religious subjects; more 3D Reformation (1500s)- Martin Luther discovered corruption with Catholic Church (selling indulgences) & called them out EFFECT: The Catholic Church became less powerful; Martin Luther started another branch of Christianity (Protestantism) PEOPLE: Martin Luther (published the 95 theses), priests of the Catholic Church (sold indulgences to “forgive sins”) 95 Theses: what Martin Luther nailed to a Catholic Church in Germany; stated the problems with the Church Age of Exploration/Slavery (1500s) - explorers mainly from countries like Spain, Portugal, and Britain CAUSE: Europeans wanted to gain more land (colonize), spread Christianity (missionaries), and find gold and spices EFFECT 1: The exchange of culture, ideas and goods between the continents (Columbian Exchange); Colonization EFFECT 2: Native Americans were forced to grow crops on their own land; many died of disease (smallpox) EXPLORERS: Columbus, Da Gama, Dias, Henry the Navigator, Magellan; Conquistadors: Cortez, Pizarro Columbian Exchange- Europeans brought new products, diseases & ideas to Americas; and discovered new things there Triangle Trade- Europeans gave Africans guns for slaves; sent slaves to America to grow crops; sent products back to EuropeMissionaries – people sent to spread religion and do good deeds; sent to America to educate and convert Indians Pandemic/Epidemic – when a disease is so bad it nearly wipes out an entire group of people (smallpox, the plague) Colonies/colonization – when a country takes over another country in order to expand their empire Compass & astrolabe- Navigational tools used by early sailors that helped early European explorers find their way Spanish Enconmienda system - was a system to put Native Americans in slavery in the Americas to grow cash crops Enlightenment (1700s) - Philosophers (thinkers) began to think of ways to better improve society and government EFFECT: New ideas like democracy (voting by the people), freedom of speech/religion & separating gov. powers EFFECT: It led to revolutions in America and France because people began to think about freedom and rights Philosopher – someone who thinks about society issues things deeply; Philosophy – how you think about things John Locke - said that people have a natural right to freedom and equality (U.S. government used many of his ideas) Montesquieu - idea of separation of government powers (legislative, executive, judicial) was an Enlightenment idea Scientific Revolution (1700s) - Scientists began questioning Catholic Church by using experiments & Scientific Method EFFECT: New ideas of the universe & laws of motion were discovered; Catholic Church was no longer ‘always right’ PEOPLE: Copernicus (heliocentric idea), Galileo (improved telescope), Isaac Newton (laws of motion, gravity) Scientific Method - created by Nathaniel Bacon so now people could prove their theories through experiments Heliocentric- sun centered universe (discovered by Copernicus); Geocentric- Earth centered (old way of thinking) Social Studies Exam Guide Name: ______________ American Revolution (1775) – Americans were getting taxed on everything; they wanted freedom from Britain EFFECT: Americans defeated the most powerful nation on Earth and became their own country PEOPLE: George Washington (first president), Thomas Jefferson (wrote Declaration of Independence) Revolution - means a very big change; usually when the citizens go against the government b/c they want more rights French Revolution (1789) - High taxes; expensive lifestyles by king & queen; citizens were influenced by American Rev EFFECT: Citizens overthrew the government; led to mass chaos until Napoleon became dictator and restored order EFFECT #2: Led to other revolutions in Latin America (Central America); led by people like Simon Bolivar PEOPLE: Napoleon Bonaparte (became a great leader) King Louis XVI (was overthrown), Marie Antoinette (beheaded) Three Estates- French society divided into three social classes before the French Revolution; based on power & wealth Third Estate (lower class) - wanted more rights and were tired of being taxed so they rose up against the First Estate Reign of Terror- time period right after the French Revolution where there was chaos, no leadership, and many deaths Industrial Revolution - Began in the late 1700s in England and went until late 1800s; came to America around 1850 CAUSE: The Industrial Revolution began because England needed more clothes (textiles) for the population boom EFFECT: The I.R. led to a quicker production of goods w/ machines, which led to cheaper prices; bad working conditions Agricultural Revolution - led to more food = which led to a population boom (new ideas like crop rotation & new plows) Steam engine - powered early machines in factories (like assembly lines), but also trains and ships Labor union – group of workers from the same field that protest sometimes to gain better working conditions Urbanization – where people move from country to city (most factories were located in cities so people moved there) Innovation – new idea (assembly line); Entrepreneur – a person who starts their own business (Henry Ford) Imperialism/Scramble for Africa (1800s) - when Europe took over land in Africa to get raw materials for their factories EFFECT: made Africans slaves on their own continent and led to many colonies in Africa for Europe (especially England) Berlin Conference – when European countries met in Berlin, Germany to decide how to split up Africa among them Racism– the belief that one race is better than the other, so they get treated unfairly (discrimination/prejudice) World War I (1914-1917)- Causes: M (militarism), A (alliances), N (nationalism), I (imperialism), A (assassination of archduke) EFFECT: Germany blamed for war and had to pay billions in war reparations b/c of Treaty of Versailles (wanted revenge) Trenches– used all along the Western Front (main battle zone) in Europe; led to stalemates & terrible fighting conditions Isolationism – US policy during WWI and WWII; we wanted to stay out of the war and remain a neutral country America enters- US entered when Germany sank a passenger ship (Lusitania) & tried to get Mexico to join (Zimmermann) World War II (1939-1945)- Hitler rises to power in Germany and wants to take over Europe; invades Poland in 1939 EFFECT: Germany lost again; Japan bombed with nuclear weapon; gets US out of Great Depression; US now a superpower PEOPLE: Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), Stalin (Russia), FDR (US), Truman (US), Churchill (Britain) Great Depression – time period in US during the 1930s; millions were out of jobs and homes; spread worldwide Pearl Harbor– surprise attack by the Japanese in 1941 in Hawaii that pulls US into WWII; Americans very motivated Propaganda- info used to persuade or influence people (ex. Carpool or you ride with Hitler or Rosie the Riveter) United Nations – an organization responsible for maintaining peace and helping countries in need Holocaust- when the Nazis tried to exterminate the Jews; largest genocide in history (killing of an entire group of people) Rest of the Year The Cold War – conflict between the Soviet Union & U.S. from 1950-1990; no actual war just threat of nuclear war The Korean War – 1950-1953; U.S. backed free South Korea vs. communist North Korea; no peace treaty signed The Vietnam War – 1964-1973; US wanted to stop communism/domino effect; left in 1973 without accomplishing our goals September 11, 2001 - act of terror involving extreme Muslims crashing passenger jets into the Twin Towers in NYC Israel-Palestine conflict – tense conflict over land in Israel between the Jews of Israel and Muslims of Palestine; many wars WHO – World Health Organization; prevent spread of disease; NAFTA- policy to promote trade among US, Canada & Mexico HIV/Aids, Malaria, Ebola- diseases causing epidemics in Africa; very contagious (easy to spread); hard to stop Problems in Africa – starvation (famine), lack of clean water (dehydration), lack of hospitals and schools; disease Terrorism/Al-Qaeda/ISIS – using violence against a group of people for political or religious reasons; Middle East