Download Multiple Choice. Answer all questions. _____1. When comparing

Multiple Choice. Answer all questions.
_____1. When comparing relatively small mammals, such as mice and shrews, to large mammals,
such as elephants and horses, the mice and shrews have
a. higher basal metabolic rates.
b. more white fat.
c. lower average blood glucose levels.
d. less metabolically active tissues, such as skin and fat.
_____2. Which of the following statements about resting potential is true?
A) A resting membrane allows much more sodium than potassium to diffuse across.
B) The concentration of sodium is much higher inside the cell than outside.
C) The resting potential exists because of differences in glucose concentration inside and outside the
cell.
D) The sodium-potassium pump contributes to the resting membrane potential.
_____3. The signal that crosses a synapse is stopped when
A) a second action potential traveling down the signaling cell sounds a "retreat" and the
neurotransmitters return to the signaling cell
B) the responding cell runs out of sodium and is no longer able to respond to the stimulus.
C) the responding cell runs out of potassium and is no longer able to respond to the stimulus.
D) the neurotransmitter is enzymatically broken down or transported back to the signaling cell.
_____4. Neurotransmitters that open Na+ channels and trigger action potentials in receiving cells
are called
A) inhibitory.
B) cross-linked.
C) excitatory.
D) obligatory.
_____5. You start to fall but then catch yourself, regaining your balance. Which of the following
brain regions is responsible for the rapid coordination of muscle activity that kept you from falling?
A) motor cortex
B) thalamus
C) cerebellum
D) pons
_____6. The transfer of heat from arteries carrying warm blood past veins returning cooler blood is
an example of
A) insulation.
B) a countercurrent heat exchanger.
C) evaporative cooling.
D) behavioral thermoregulation.
_____7. What is the advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia?
A) Ammonia is less toxic than uric acid.
B) Ammonia is less soluble than uric acid.
C) Ammonia excretion conserves energy.
D) Ammonia does not diffuse across cell membranes.
Base your answer to question 8 on the information below and your knowledge of biology.
You recently sprayed your apartment with insecticide to remove an infestation of cockroaches. In your
kitchen, you noticed some roaches lying on their backs twitching furiously before they died. This
aroused your curiosity, so you decided to investigate exactly how the insecticide works on the nervous
system.
In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract.
Acetylcholinesterase removes acetylcholine from the synapse after the signal is received. Exposure to
high pesticide concentrations has a similar effect on humans and can also be caused by exposure to
the nerve gas Sarin and other chemical agents.
_____8. Why did the insecticide cause uncontrollable twitching in the roaches?
A) Acetylcholine was released, but the insecticide prevented it from diffusing across the synapse.
B) Acetylcholine was released, but the insecticide prevented it from binding to the receptor sites of the
postsynaptic neurons.
C) The insecticide caused continuous stimulation of the muscles.
D) The insecticide prevented acetylcholinesterase from being removed from the synapse.
_____9. The land animals that evolved from earlier aquatic forms had to change their mechanisms
for excreting nitrogenous wastes because
A) land animals concurrently developed a more efficient reproduction system.
B) land animals found better food sources.
C) land animals had a more difficult time with water balance than aquatic species since water was not
always available on land.
D) aquatic animals did not have as much protein in their diets as did land animals.
_____10. During filtration in the glomerulus, which of the following will enter Bowman's capsule
from the bloodstream?
A) ammonia
B) nucleic acids
C) lymphocytes
D) water
_____11. The overall process that refines the filtrate and ultimately returns water and valuable
solutes to the blood is known as
A) reabsorption.
B) excretion.
C) collection.
D) purification.
_____12. How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells hormones will
affect?
A) They are carried throughout the body in the bloodstream, and each hormone affects target cells
that have receptors for it.
B) They are carried to specific organs by lymphatic vessels and affect the cells in those organs.
C) They are delivered by neurosecretory cells to specific tissues and cells, which are affected.
D) They are distributed locally in the interstitial fluid and affect nearby responsive target cells.
Base your answer to question 13 on the information below and your knowledge of biology.
Most fishes can live either in freshwater or saltwater habitats, but not both. If you move a marine fish
from the ocean to a lake, it will quickly die, and vice versa. However, a small number of fish species
are capable of moving between the two environments. Salmon are osmoregulators that hatch in rivers,
spend most of their lives in the ocean, and return to the river where they were born in order to breed.
_____13. When a salmon leaves the river and moves out to sea, you would expect ________ to
leave its body by osmosis and that excess ________ would need to be pumped out.
A) salt . . . water
B) water . . . salt
C) salt . . . salt
D) water . . . water
_____14. Which of the following statements about specific and nonspecific defenses is false?
a. Defense systems involve recognition of self from nonself.
b. Nonspecific defenses typically act more rapidly than specific defenses.
c. Specific defenses are typically the body’s first line of defense.
d. The skin is an example of a nonspecific defense.
_____15. Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system
A) has a faster response, but the signal does not last as long.
B) has a slower response and a signal that does not last as long.
C) has a faster response with a longer-lasting signal.
D) has a slower response with a longer-lasting signal.
_____16. Which of the following options lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in
the correct order?
A) reception, response, signal transduction
B) signal transduction, reception, response
C) signal transduction, response, reception
D) reception, signal transduction, response
_____17. The two main classes of molecules that function as hormones are steroid hormones and
hormones that are derived from
A) amino acids.
B) cholesterol.
C) nucleic acids.
D) long-chain fatty acids.
_____18. Once the threshold potential is reached,
A) K+ channels open.
B) Na+ channels close.
C) an action potential is inevitable.
D) the interior of the cell becomes negative with respect to the outside.
_____19. Action potentials normally travel along an axon
A) toward the cell body.
B) away from the cell body.
C) either towards or away from the cell body
D) away from the synapse.
_____20. Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is true?
A) Steroid hormones cause the production of cAMP.
B) Steroid hormones are polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane.
C) Steroid hormones activate a transcription factor.
D) Steroid hormones bind to specific receptor proteins and the complex acts as a gene activator.
_____21. A single steroid hormone can cause different effects in different cells by
A) binding to different receptors.
B) acting on different organelles.
C) activating different second messengers.
D) activating different enzymes.
_____22. Which of the following statements about secondary messengers is true?
a. They amplify the signal.
b. They bind to the active site of the receptor.
c. They result in large scale responses from a single signal.
d. Both a and c
_____23. The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effects in
different species. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that prolactin
A) can only have functions related to childbirth.
B) is an ancient hormone whose function diversified through evolution.
C) was a recent evolutionary adaptation.
D) was not required in fish and amphibians.
_____24. A researcher who detects a higher-than-normal amount of interferon in a laboratory rat
would correctly conclude that
A) the rat has, or recently had, a viral infection.
B) cancerous cells are present in the rat.
C) the rat's diet is deficient in calcium.
D) monocytes are differentiating into macrophages in the rat's bloodstream.
_____25. The major result of the inflammatory response is to
A) initiate the production of antibodies.
B) remove contaminating microorganisms and initiate repair of damaged tissues.
C) initiate cell-mediated immune responses.
D) initiate the production of killer cells.
_____26. The two main functions of the lymphatic system are
A) coagulating blood and fighting infections.
B) producing hormones that regulate the immune system and coagulating blood.
C) producing hormones that regulate the immune system and fighting infections.
D) returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.
_____27. A molecule that can elicit an adaptive immune response is called
A) a complement.
B) an interferon.
C) an antibody.
D) an antigen.
_____28. The transfer of antibodies in breast milk to an infant is an example of ________
immunity.
A) nonspecific
B) passive
C) humoral
D) active
_____29. Which of the following statements about the humoral immune response is true?
A) The humoral immune response defends against bacteria and viruses by activating T cells.
B) The humoral immune response defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in body
fluids.
C) The humoral immune response plays a major role in protecting the body from cancerous cells.
D) The humoral immune response is the result of macrophages producing antibodies.
_____30. The adaptive immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular
microorganisms because
A) lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.
B) stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make.
C) the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a
different antigen.
D) stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism.
_____31. When a B cell successfully interacts with its particular antigen, the B cell
A) dies after destroying the antigen.
B) engulfs the antigen and digests it.
C) differentiates and develops into a clone of antibody-producing effector cells.
D) alters the chemical configuration of the antigen.
_____32. Antibody molecules may function by causing the
A) destruction of complement proteins.
B) agglutination of viruses or bacteria.
C) solubilization of viruses or bacteria.
D) crystallization of antigenic particles.
_____33. Which of the following statements about T-helper cells is false?
a. They function in humoral immunity.
b. They bind to antigen-presenting cells and destroy them.
c. They function in cellular immunity.
d. They are subject to infection by HIV.
_____34. Following depolarization, the neural membrane potential is restored in some neurons
when
a. Na+ ions rush outward through the membrane.
b. K+ ions rush outward through the membrane.
c. Ca++ ions rush inward through the membrane.
d. a pump moves ions to their original concentrations.
_____35. Why has it been so difficult for researchers to develop effective antivirals for HIV?
A) because the virus is able to produce DNA as an intermediate in viral replication
B) because HIV has a high mutation rate
C) due to the damaged helper T cells that are targets for HIV
D) because HIV is a sexually transmitted viral disease
_____36. The mechanisms of homeostasis
a. maintain a relatively constant internal physiological environment regardless of the changes in the
external environment.
b. keep vital organs working at their maximum potential.
c. keep all cells working at the same metabolic rate.
d. keep the body’s metabolic rate constant in varying environmental temperatures.
_____37. Which of the following compounds is produced and secreted by mast cells during an
allergic reaction?
A) interferon
B) allergens
C) histamine
D) perforin
_____38. Which of the following is the correct order, from smallest to largest?
a. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
b. Organ system, organ, tissue, cell
c. Cell, organ, organ system, tissue
d. Organ, organ system, cell, tissue
_____39. One kind of vaccine consists of
A) buffered antibodies.
B) B cells.
C) a harmless variant strain of a disease-causing microbe.
D) antibiotics.
_____40. Perforin is a protein that is released by _______ in order to _______.
a. T-helper cells; stimulate B cells
b. cytotoxic T cells; kill target cells
c. B cells; bind to epitopes
d. plasma cells; kill target cells
_____41. Which of the following statements about protein kinase cascades is true?
a. Amplification can occur at each step in the path.
b. The multiple steps allow for the specificity of the process.
c. Different targets can produce variation in the cellular response.
d. All of the above
_____42. Plant hormones
A) must be produced in large quantities to be effective.
B) act on all cells they encounter.
C) are chemical signals that influence growth and development.
D) are rare and produced only in response to stress.
_____43. One of the experiments in phototropism involved cutting off the tips of grass seedlings
before exposing them to light from one side. The decapitated seedlings did not bend toward light. A
valid conclusion from this experiment would be that
A) plants cannot engage in photosynthesis without the tip of the plant.
B) light is perceived by the tip of grass plants.
C) a foil cover over the tip of the seedlings would cause them to bend.
D) hormones are produced in all parts of the plant.
_____44. A biologist interested in determining which plant organs (stems, buds, leaves, etc.) are
responsible for sensing photoperiod might perform which of the following experiments?
A) remove the apical meristems from different parts of the plant
B) measure auxin levels in different parts of the plant before and after exposure to light
C) cover different plant organs with a foil covering to prevent light exposure
D) expose the plants to different wavelengths of light
_____45. Which of the following is a way that plants use animals as a defense against herbivores?
A) production of an amino acid that harms herbivores
B) attraction of wasps that kill herbivorous caterpillars
C) release of microbe-killing chemicals in response to infection
D) coevolution between plants and predators
_____46. Mammalian breast tissue is not always producing milk; however, the act of a newborn
suckling will stimulate oxytocin production, which will trigger the breast tissue to produce more milk.
This is an example of
a. feedforward information.
b. positive feedback.
c. negative feedback.
d. homeothermy.
_____47. A hot, dry summer will reduce crop yields in part because
A) the stomata of the plants stay open to help cool the leaves.
B) carbon dioxide uptake is reduced by the stomata closing to prevent excessive water loss.
C) oxygen uptake is reduced by the stomata closing to prevent excessive water loss.
D) carbon dioxide release is reduced by the stomata closing to prevent excessive water loss.
_____48. Which of the following structures is found in both plant and animal cells?
A) chloroplasts
B) mitochondria
C) a large central vacuole containing fluid
D) cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane
_____49. There are two major kinds of white blood cells: _______ engulf pathogens, while
_______ are involved in adaptive immunity.
a. Monocytes; macrophages
b. Mast cells; neutrophils
c. Lymphocytes; phagocytes
d. Phagocytes; lymphocytes
_____50. A universal feature of receptors is that they
a. undergo structural (shape) changes when the signal molecule is bound.
b. are protein kinases.
c. are present in the plasma membrane.
d. are ion channel proteins.
_____51. When an individual is first exposed to the smallpox virus, several days pass before
significant numbers of specific antibody molecules and T cells are produced. However, a second
exposure to the virus causes a large and rapid production of antibodies and T cells. This later response
is an example of
a. autoimmunity.
b. phagocytosis.
c. interferon production.
d. immunological memory
_____52. Douglas and Kevin are sitting next to each other in the lunch room. Conrad sits down
across from them, and then sneezes hard, spraying droplets of viral-infected saliva over both Douglas
and Kevin’s faces. By the next week, Douglas is feeling awful, sneezing everywhere, and stays sick for
about two weeks. On the other hand, Kevin has a few minor symptoms for a couple days, but recovers
very quickly. Which is NOT a possible reason why Douglas gets sicker than Kevin?
a. There is genetic variation between people in regards to their immune system cells; Kevin had genes
that could make the correct immune system response to fight this particular virus.
b. Kevin had already been exposed to a similar virus before, and had memory B cells that were primed
to produce an appropriate antibody.
c. Kevin doesn’t have any allergies, so he doesn’t sneeze or show any symptoms of viral disease.
d. Kevin’s non-specific immune system, including his skin and antiviral proteins in his own saliva,
may have prevented most of the virus from entering his respiratory cells.
_____53. Is an allergy (to pollen, bees, peanuts, etc) a normal body function or a disruption of body
function?
a. An allergy is a normal body function, that returns the immune system to homeostasis.
b. An allergy is a disruption, when the immune system overreacts to a particular antigen.
c. An allergy is a disruption, when the immune system is inactivated, and cannot fight a particular
antigen.
d. An allergy is a disruption, when the immune system identifies a foreign antigen as one of the body’s
own self proteins.
_____54. The graph pictured below depicts blood glucose changes after eating a meal. The line
drawn with square symbols represents normal variations in glucose levels after a meal. The line
drawn with diamond symbols represents levels seen in diabetes mellitus. Explain why the blood
glucose levels are different for the diabetics compared to normal people.
a. For the people with diabetes, they cannot lower their blood glucose level appropriately by
increasing the insulin output.
b. For the people with diabetes, their insulin level keeps increasing and increasing, whereas the
normal people their insulin level stays the same.
c. For the people with diabetes, they must increase their blood glucose level after a meal to help them
with the digestive process.
d. For the people with diabetes, their poor blood circulation interferes with their insulin getting to the
liver and changing blood glucose levels.
Name____________________
Miss Badean
Date_________
AP Biology
Plants and Homeostasis Unit Exam
Score___________