Download hapCh2 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 2 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-BASIC CHEMISTRY
Name________________________
I.Concepts of Matter & Energy
 Matter=”stuff” of the universe existing as
________________________________states on
earth/solid has definite volume and shape;liquid
only definite volume and gas-has neither
 Physical change-does not alter basic nature whereas
chemical alters _________________________.
 ENERGYonly measured by effects on matter__________________________________________
 ________________________energy of motion and
potential is _____________________.
 Energy forms:
1. ______________________-stored in chemical bonds-involved in cellular
respiration
2. _________________________-comes from movement of charged
particles-used in nerve impulses
3. __________________________-Directly involved in moving mattereg.movement of limbs
4. __________________________-travels in waves;electromagnetic
spectrum-x-rays,infrared,visible light,radio,UV,gamma
 Energy is usually converted from one form to another-some of
initial energy is lost to environment
II. Composition of Matter
 112 _____________-alike in atoms and unique
atomic #/represented on periodic table,organized by
atomic # and short hand representation is
_________________-Look at Chart p.30
 Atoms made of positive protons and neutral
____________in nucleus,surrounded by
_______electrons,in energy levels
 Atomic # = # protons
 Atomic mass #= # p+n
 Atomic mass –average of all isotope masses for an
element
 ______________________________are atoms that differ in
number of neutrons,are identified by mass number,and one
medical use is as tracers in medical diagnosis.---see.pp. 8 and 9
 __________________________________occur whenever atoms
combine with or dissociate from other atoms
 _____________________-2 or more combined chemically;more
specifically a compound
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 2 bonds we see in living things are __________________,w/a
transfer of electrons and ___________________________w/a
sharing of electrons
 Outer -_____________________electrons determine bonding
capacity and thus properties
 _______-charged atom
 Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons ,as seen in
water
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B)
C)
Water bonds to other water atoms by H- bonds-a weak bond
These combined H-bonds create a high surface tension
3 reaction types
synthesis ----2H2 + O2 2H2O
__________------H2O 2H2 +O2
Exchange---2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 +H2
OR HCl + NaOH HOH +NaCl
III. Biochemistry:Chemical Composition of Living Matter
 __________________ contain carbon ,but not all are
involved in living things(inorganic lack C-CO,CO2 and
cyanide 3 exemptions-they are inorganic)
INORGANICS_WATER

1. high heat capacity(ie before a temperature change
thus preventing us from sudden body temperature
changes.
2. ___________________________-“universal
solvent”
Solute dissolves in a _________________ to make a solutionThus water able to transport many materials
3. chemical reactivity
 __________________________reaction---water added to
the bond.
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4.____________________________-protective as in
CSF or amniotic
fluid……………………………………..
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- SALTS
Salt contains cation besides H+ and an anion besides OH…examples:NaCl,KCl,CaI2
Easily separate into
ions_____________________________________
Because ions are charged particles,all salts are
______________________________-able to conduct a
current
______________-pH<7 and proton donor
______________-pH> 7 and proton acceptor
pH measures H+ concentration
Acid +Base=Salt + water –all neutral
 _____________prevents sharp pH change
FOUR CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES in Living
Things:
1. Carbohydrates-FIRST SOURCE FOR ENERGY!!!!!inc. sugars,starches/have
C,H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Example: C6H12O6= GLUCOSE
Sugars inc. monosaccharides(Glucose and
fructose,,disaccharides(Sucrose,lactose,maltose) and polysaccharides(starch and
glycogen)….Examples of
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starches_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
2. Lipids-made of C,H and O---look at lipid table p.47
---made up of often fatty acids and glycerol
___________________________________-are solid fats with all C-C bonds filled-no
double or triple bonds….
___________________________________-are liquids and they have at least 1 C-C
double bond
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Neutral fats_triglycerides-in fat depositsin subcutaneous tissue and around organsprotect,insulate and major energy source
 Trans fats----oils solidifies by adding H atoms---considered bad for the cardiovascular system
 Omega -3 fatty acids(in cold water fish)-help your
heart and immune system
 Phospholipids found in cell membrane
 ______________________fat soluble-inc. cholesterol
and hormones-cholesterol basis of all body steroids
 ________________________a breakdown product of
cholesterol;released by liver into digestive tract-aid in fat
digestion and absorption
 ____________________-cortisol;aldersterone
 Includes vitamins A(for vision)E(wound
healing,fertility,antioxidant),K(for
clotting,Prostaglandins-from fatty acid-membranes(used
in labor,blood pressure,movement in digestive tract and
in inflammation),lipoproteins(transport fatty acids and
cholesterol in bloodstream-HDL and LDL-bad
cholesterol)
3. PROTEINS-made up of monomer of amino acids;>50% organic
matter,contain C,H,O,and N,~ 20 amino acids,polypeptide is another word
for protein and peptide bonds join amino acids
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 Fibrous(or structural) Proteins are in most body structures;provide
strength-eg.collagen in bones,cartilage and tendons…..also
KERATIN—protein of hair and nails
 Globular proteins-mobile and mostly spherical and DO things--FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS----examples:enzymes-regulate
reactions---H-bonds and van der waals force help them-like
hemoglogin,keep their shape
 Draw an enzyme –substrate complex and label active site
 Enzymes usually end in –ase(sugars in –ose)
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS-made of C,H,O,N and PDNA provides heredity and
RNA takes DNA’s info to make proteins/the monomer is a nucleotide
consisting of sugar,nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.Label the
nucleotide for DNA,then RNA:
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ATP is the energy storage molecule-This is what carbs are broken down
into so we can get usable energy---ATP and ADP continually recycle
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