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HUMAN ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 2-BASIC CHEMISTRY
Concepts of Matter & Energy
• Matter=”stuff” of the universe existing as
____________________states on earth/solid has
definite volume and shape;liquid only definite
volume and gas-has neither
• Physical change-does not alter basic nature whereas
chemical alters _________________________.
• ENERGYonly measured by effects on matter_______________
• ______energy of motion and potential is __________.
kinetic
Solid liquid and
gas
composition
Ability to do
work
Stored
energy
Energy forms:
• ______________-stored in chemical bondsinvolved in cellular respration
– _____________-comes from movement of
charged particles-used in nerve impulses
– __________-Directly involved in moving
matter-eg.movement of limbs
– _______-travels in waves;electromagnetic
spectrum-x-rays,infrared,visible
light,radio,UV,gamma
Chemical energy
radiant
electrical
Mechanical
energy
• Energy is usually converted from one form
to another-some of initial energy is lost to
environment
II.Composition of Matter
• 112 _____________-alike in atoms and unique atomic
#/represented on periodic table,organized by atomic
# and short hand representation is
_________________-Look at Chart p.30
• Atoms made of positive protons and neutral
____________in nucleus,surrounded by
_______electrons,in energy levels
elements
neutrons
symbol
(-)
• Atomic # = # protons
• Atomic mass #= # p+n
• Atomic mass –average of all isotope
masses for an element
• ______________________________are atoms that
differ in number of neutrons,are identified my mass
number,and one medical use is as tracers in medical
diagnosis.---see.pp. 8 and 9
• __________________________________occur
whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from
other atoms
• _____________________-2 or more combined
chemically;more specifically a compound
radioisotopes
molecule
Chemical reactions
• 2 bond we see in living things are
__________________,w/a transfer of electrons and
___________________________w/a sharing of
electrons
• Outer -_____________________electrons determine
bonding capacity and thus properties
• _______-charged atom
ionic
valence
covalent
ion
• Polar molecules have unequal sharing of
electrons ,as seen in water
• Water bonds to other water atoms by Hbonds-a weak bond
• These combined H-bonds create a high
surface tension
•
•
•
•
3 reaction types
synthesis ----2H2 + O2 2H2O
__________------H2O 2H2 +O2
Exchange---2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 +H2
OR HCl + NaOH HOH +NaCl
decomposition
III.Biochemistry:Chemical
Composition of Living Matter
• __________________ contain carbon
,but not all are involved in living
things(inorganic lack C-CO,CO2 and
cyanide 3 exemptions
Organic
compounds
INORGANICS--_WATER
• high heat capacity(ie before a temperature absorbs and
releases a lot of heat change thus preventing us from sudden
body temperature changes.
• ___________________________-“universal solvents”
• Solute dissolves in a _________________ to make a
solution-Thus water able to transport many materials
•
3. chemical reactivity
• __________________________reaction---water added to the
bond.
• 4.____________________________-protective as in CSF or
amniotic fluid
solvent
Polarity/solvent
properties
cushioning
hydrolysis
INORGANIC COMPOUNDSSALTS
• Salt contains cation besides H+ and an anion
besides OH-…examples:NaCl,KCl,CaI2
• Easily separate into
ions_____________________________________
• Because ions are charged particles,all salts are
______________________________-able to conduct a
current
dissociation
electrolytes
• ______________-pH<7 and proton donor
• ______________-pH> 7 and proton
acceptor
• pH measures H+ concentration
• Acid +Base=Salt + water –all neutral
base
acid
buffers
• _____________prevents sharp pH change
FOUR CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES in living
things:
•
•
•
1)Carbohydrates-FIRST SOURCE FOR
ENERGY!!!!!inc. sugars,starches/have C,H
and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Example: C6H12O6= GLUCOSE
Sugars inc. monosaccharides(Glucose and
fructose,,disaccharides(Sucrose,lactose,malt
ose) and polysaccharides(starch and
glycogen)….Examples of
starches______________________________
Pasta,rice,bread,car
rots
Lipids-made of C,H and O---look
at lipid table p.47
•
•
---made up of often fatty acids and glycerol
___________________________________-are solid
fats with all C-C bonds filled-no double or triple
bonds….___________________________________are liquids and they have at least 1 C-C double
bond
Saturated fats
unsaturated
• Neutral fats_triglycerides-in fat deposits-in
subcutaneous tissue and around organsprotect,insulate and major energy source
• Trans fats----oils solidifies by adding H
atoms----considered bad for the
cardiovascular system
• Omega -3 fatty acids(in cold water fish)help your heart and immune system
• Phospholipids found in cell membrane
• ______________________fat soluble-inc. cholesterol
and hormones-cholesterol basis of all body steroids
• ________________________a breakdown product of
cholesterol;released by liver into digestive tract-aid in fat
digestion and absorption
• ____________________-cortisol;aldersterone
• Includes vitamins A(for vision)E(wound
healing,fertility,antioxidant),K(for
clotting,Prostaglandins-from fatty acidmembranes(used in bor,blood pressuremovement in
digestive tract and in
inflammation),lipoproteins(transport fatty acids and
cholesterol in bloodstream-HDL and LDL)
steroids
Bile salts
corticosteroids
PROTEINS•
made up of monomer of amino acids;>50%
organic matter,contain C,H,O,and N,~ 20
amino acids,polypeptide is another word for
protein and peptide bonds join amino acids
–
–
Fibrous(0r structural) Proteins are in most body
structures;provide strength-eg.collagen in
bones,cartilage and tendons…..also KERATIN—
protein of hair and nails
Globular proteins-mobile and mostly spherical and
DO things---FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS---examples:enzymes-regulate reactions---H-bonds
and van der waals force help them-like
hemoglogin,keep their shape
– Draw an enzyme –substrate complex and
label active site
– Enzymes usually end in –ase(sugars in –ose)
NUCLEIC ACIDS-made of C,H,O,N and P
*DNA provides heredity and RNA takes DNA’s info to
make proteins/the monomer is a nucleotide
consisting of sugar,nitrogenous base and a
phosphate group.Label the nucleotide for
DNA,then RNA:
ATP is the energy storage molecule-This is what carbs
are broken down into so we can get usable energy--ATP and ADP continually recycle