Download Ch 2-- Matter

Ch 2-- Matter
I. Matter
A. Atom –
1. subatomic particles – protons, neutrons, electrons
a. protonsb. neutron –
c. electrons B. Elements – pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
1. Represented by ______________
2. atomic number –
3. mass number –
a. Number of neutrons=
4. Electron Cloud- area around nucleus where electrons are orbiting
1st level holds ________
2nd level holds ___________
3rd level holds _________
4th level holds ______________
5. Ex -
17
Cl
35.453
Atomic number __________
Atomic mass _____________
Number of protons __________
Number of neutrons __________
Number of electrons __________
C. Isotopes –
D. Radioactive isotopes – nuclei are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time
1. geologists determine age of rocks and fossils by analyzing the isotopes in them
2.
3. used as tracers
E. Compounds –
EX – H2O
F. Chemical Bonds
1. valence electrons –
2. ionic bonds – when 1 or more electrons are ___________ from one atom to another
Ex –
Draw –
3. covalent bond – forms when electrons are ______________ between atoms
EX –
Draw-
---ions- positive or negative charged atom
+ Charge –
- Charge -
4. molecules-the smallest unit of most compounds, the structure that results when
atoms are joined together by covalent bonds
 Subscript –
 Coefficient –
Element
Number of Atoms
H2O2
2H2O2
5. Van der Waals Forces – when molecules are close together, a slight attraction can
develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
Ex – geckos
G. Physical change =
ExH. chemical change –
Ex –
II. Properties of Water
--Most abundant compound in living things
--
--expands when it freezes so ice is less dense than liquid water
A. Water Molecule –
1. polarity2. EX—Draw the water molecule
3. hydrogen bonds – water can have as many as 4 H bonds at the same time
a. cohesion –
----Surface Tension –
Ex – insect walk on water, drops of water form beads on smooth surface
b. adhesion –
Ex – meniscus –
1. capillary action – adhesion causes H2O to rise in a narrow tube
a. ex –
B. Solutions and Suspensions
1. mixtureEx –
a. solution –
1. ex –
Solute –
Solvent –
H2O – the greatest solvent of Earth
b. suspensions – mixture of water and undissolved materials
C. Acids, Bases, pH
1. pH scale –
a. 0-14
pH 7 =
Ex- pure water
pH below 7 =
pH above 7 =
2. Acids –
pH of 1-3 = strong acid
Ex –
3. Bases –
pH of 11-14 = strong base
Ex – lye
4. buffers – weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp,
sudden changes in pH for maintaining homeostasis
a. fluids within most body cells must be kept between 6.5-7.5
III. Carbon Compounds
 organic chemistry – study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
A. chemistry of carbon
1. carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms to form very long chains
B. macromolecules –
1. monomers – smaller unit that can join together with other small units to form
polymers
2. polymers –
3. dehydration synthesis – the formation of a chemical bond by removing a
water molecule
4 types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, protein
1. Carbohydrates –
a. living things use carbohydrates as their main________________
b. living things store extra sugar as ________________________
c. monosaccharides –
ex – glucose, galactose (milk), fructose (fruit)
Disaccharides –
Ex-
d. polysaccharides
ex – glycogen (animal starch), causes_____________________
ex – cellulose –
2. Lipids – macromolecules made mostly of C and H atoms and are not soluble in H2O
a.
b. ex –
2 Types:
1. saturated –
Ex- butter
2. unsaturated –
Ex – olive oil
3. nucleic acids – macromolecules that contain H, O, N, C, and P which are formed
from nucleotides
a. nucleotide –
b.
c. 2 kinds – _______ – deoxyribose nucleic acid
sugar=deoxyribose
________ – ribonucleic acid
Sugar = ribose
4. proteina. 20 different amino acids
b. instructions for arranging amino acids into different proteins are stored in
__________
c. each protein has a specific role
d. Have an _________________ group (-NH2) on one end, a
_______________________ (-COOH) on the other end, and an
________________. The R-group makes proteins different from each other
IV. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
A. chemical reactions –
ex – iron + O → rust
H + O → H 2O
Reactants –
Products -
B. Energy Changes
1.
a. occur spontaneously
b. energy released in form of _____________________
2. chemical reactions that absorb energy – Endothermic
a. will not occur without a source of energy
b. in plants, the energy comes from ____________
in animals, the energy comes from ______________
C. Activation Energy –
D. Catalyst 1. catalysts lower a reaction’s activation energy
2. Enzymes – proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in cells
a. substrate – reactant of an enzyme – catalyzed reaction
b. substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the ______________________
c. Enzyme-Substrate Complex – the enzyme and substrate comes together to form this
d. “Lock and Key” model -