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English Grammar at a Glance by Laura Jensen An architect builds with wood, stone, glass, and plaster, using each material according to its special qualities to create a building that is beautiful and functional. Parts of speech are the language equivalents of wood, stone, glass, and plaster; they are the basic building blocks of English. To build beautiful sentences, you need to understand what jobs each part can do and how the parts all fit together to express an idea clearly. In other words, you need to know how a word, phrase, or clause functions within a sentence, and you need to know the grammar rules for combining that word, phrase, or clause with other building blocks. If you understand that, then—like a skillful architect--YOU can build masterpieces! Words Phrases Each word has its own part of speech (its job) in a sentence. A phrase is more than one word but does not contain a subject and a verb. Parts of Speech: o Verb phrases Pronouns Prepositional Adjectives phrases Function as adverbs or adjectives Articles Verbs Adverbs Independent (main) clauses: Every sentence must have at least one of these! Appositives Nouns (1) Noun phrases Clauses All clauses have a subject and a verb. Verbals: The main part of these phrases is made from a verb but functions as another part of speech-not as a verb—in the sentence. (2) Dependent (subordinate) clauses: Dependent clauses cannot be complete sentences alone; they must be attached to independent clauses. (In other words, they “depend” on the main clause in order to be complete.) There are three kinds: A. Adjective clauses The whole clause functions as an adjective; it comes after the noun it modifies. There are three kinds: Prepositions Conjunctions: There are two kinds: o coordinating and o subordinating. o Participial phrases—function as adjectives. B. The whole clause functions as an adverb, e.g., tells why, how, or when something happens. o Gerund phrasesfunction as nouns. C. o Infinitive phrases—function as nouns, adverbs, or adjectives. Adverb clauses Noun clauses The whole clause functions as a noun—e.g., a subject or object— within another clause.